- by Alissa Quart - (bootstrapped: to pull oneself up by ones own bootstraps)
An unsparing, incisive, yet ultimately hopeful look at how we can shed the American obsession with self-reliance that has made us less healthy, less secure, and less fulfilled
The promise that you can “pull yourself up by your bootstraps” is central
to the story of the American Dream. It’s the belief that if you work hard
and rely on your own resources, you will eventually succeed. However, time
and again we have
seen how this foundational myth, with its emphasis
on individual determination,
brittle self-sufficiency, and personal
accomplishment, does not help us.
Instead, as income inequality rises
around us, we are left with shame
and self-blame for our
condition.
Acclaimed journalist Alissa Quart argues that at the heart of our suffering is a do-it-yourself ethos, the misplaced belief in our own independence and the conviction that we must rely on ourselves alone. Looking at a range of delusions and half solutions—from “grit” to the false Horatio Alger story to the rise of GoFundMe—Quart reveals how we have been steered away from robust social programs that would address the root causes of our problems. Meanwhile, the responsibility for survival has been shifted onto the backs of ordinary people, burdening generations with debt instead of providing the social safety net we so desperately need.
Insightful, sharply argued, and characterized by Quart’s lively writing and deep reporting, and for fans of Evicted and Nickel and Dimed, Bootstrapped is a powerful examination of what ails us at a societal level and a plan for how we can free ourselves from these self-defeating narratives.
https://www.amazon.com/Bootstrapped-Liberating-Ourselves-American-Dream/dp/006302800X/
Contents - This summary created by ChatGPT 3.5
Preface: Forget Self-Reliance
The Preface sets the stage for the book "Bootstrapped: Liberating Ourselves from the American Dream" by Alissa Quart. In this section, Quart introduces the central themes and arguments that will be explored throughout the book, challenging the notion of self-reliance and the American Dream.
The author begins by critiquing the cultural and societal pressure to be self-reliant, highlighting how this emphasis on individualism and personal responsibility often obscures the systemic barriers and inequalities that limit opportunities for many. Quart argues that the narrative of self-reliance can lead to blame and shame, further marginalizing individuals who are struggling to achieve success within a flawed system.
Furthermore, Quart questions the notion of the American Dream, a deeply ingrained belief that hard work and determination can lead to upward mobility and prosperity. She challenges this idealized vision by examining the realities faced by individuals and families who are unable to break free from cycles of poverty and limited opportunities. The author calls for a reevaluation of societal values and a shift towards a more compassionate and equitable society.
Quart introduces the concept of "bootstrapped," a term often associated with self-reliance and pulling oneself up by one's bootstraps. However, she reframes it as an opportunity to liberate ourselves from the constraints of the American Dream, emphasizing the need to recognize and challenge the systemic forces that perpetuate inequality.
In summary, the "Preface: Forget Self-Reliance" lays the foundation for "Bootstrapped" by questioning the ideals of self-reliance and the American Dream. Quart highlights the systemic barriers and inequalities that limit opportunities for many individuals and families. She introduces the concept of "bootstrapped" as a means of liberating ourselves from these constraints and advocating for a more compassionate and equitable society. The preface serves as a call to action, urging readers to critically examine prevailing narratives and work towards dismantling the structures that perpetuate inequality.
Part I: Creators of the American Dream
Part I provides an insightful exploration of the historical and cultural origins of the American Dream. Quart delves into the myths and narratives that have shaped the concept of the American Dream, examining the influential figures and ideologies that contributed to its creation. From Horatio Alger to Walt Disney, Quart investigates the stories and ideals propagated by these individuals and explores how they have shaped our collective understanding of success and upward mobility. By dissecting the roots of the American Dream, this section sets the stage for a critical examination of its limitations and the need for a more inclusive and equitable vision of societal progress.
1. The Backstory
In this chapter Quart sets the stage for the book by providing an overview of the challenges faced by the middle class in America and how the concept of the American Dream has evolved over time.
Quart begins by highlighting the economic struggles faced by many Americans, despite the widespread belief in the American Dream, which promises social mobility and financial success for those who work hard. She explains how stagnant wages, rising costs of living, and increasing inequality have eroded the middle class and made it difficult for people to achieve the economic stability they desire.
The author then delves into the historical context of the American Dream, tracing its origins back to the early settlers who sought religious freedom and economic opportunity. She discusses how the dream evolved over time, becoming intertwined with the idea of homeownership and material prosperity. Quart argues that this narrow interpretation of the American Dream has led to a culture of excessive consumption and debt, as people strive to achieve a lifestyle that may be unsustainable and unfulfilling.
Furthermore, Quart explores the concept of "bootstrapping," which refers to the idea of achieving success through individual effort and resourcefulness. She questions the myth of bootstrapping and argues that it perpetuates the notion that personal failure is solely the result of individual shortcomings rather than broader societal factors. Quart suggests that this mindset has created a sense of shame and self-blame among those who struggle economically, further deepening their financial difficulties.
The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for a new narrative that challenges the traditional American Dream and promotes alternative measures of success. Quart argues for a shift away from the obsession with wealth and material possessions towards a focus on well-being, community, and meaningful work. She calls for a reimagining of the social contract to ensure that all individuals have access to essential resources and opportunities, rather than placing the burden solely on individual effort.
Overall, Chapter 1 of "Bootstrapped" provides a thought-provoking examination of the challenges faced by the middle class and the limitations of the American Dream. Quart sets the stage for the book's exploration of alternative paths to success and a redefinition of what it means to lead a fulfilling life in contemporary America.
2. Where’s Walden?
In this chapter Quart examines the concept of simple living and explores how the pursuit of a minimalist lifestyle can offer an alternative to the consumerist culture that dominates American society.
The chapter takes its name from Henry David Thoreau's book "Walden," which serves as a touchstone for the discussion. Quart discusses Thoreau's experiment of living in a small cabin in the woods, where he sought to strip away the trappings of modern life and reconnect with nature. Thoreau's idea of voluntary simplicity, which rejects material excess and emphasizes self-reliance, resonates with a growing movement of people seeking a more meaningful and sustainable way of living.
Quart examines the rise of minimalist practices and explores how individuals are adopting this lifestyle as a means of liberating themselves from the pressures of consumerism. She introduces readers to various individuals and families who have chosen to downsize their living spaces, reduce their possessions, and prioritize experiences over material goods. These individuals find that by simplifying their lives, they are able to focus on what truly matters to them, fostering a sense of freedom, authenticity, and connection.
The author also delves into the psychological and emotional benefits of minimalism. She discusses how the constant pursuit of material possessions can lead to a cycle of dissatisfaction and stress, while embracing a simpler lifestyle can lead to greater contentment and well-being. Quart highlights research that suggests a correlation between the accumulation of stuff and a decline in mental health, underscoring the importance of reevaluating our relationship with material possessions.
Moreover, Quart acknowledges that the minimalist lifestyle is not accessible to everyone and raises questions about the privilege associated with it. She acknowledges that systemic factors, such as poverty and economic insecurity, limit the choices available to many individuals and communities. However, she also argues that embracing the principles of minimalism, such as conscious consumption and a focus on personal values, can be applicable and beneficial to individuals across different socioeconomic backgrounds.
In summary, Chapter 2 of "Bootstrapped" explores the philosophy of simple living and the growing trend of minimalism as a response to the consumerist culture. Quart showcases the appeal of downsizing and prioritizing experiences over possessions, emphasizing the positive impact it can have on well-being and fulfillment. While recognizing the challenges of implementing a minimalist lifestyle for all, the chapter encourages readers to consider the principles of minimalism and how they can reshape their relationship with material goods in pursuit of a more meaningful and liberated life.
3. Little House of Propaganda
In this chapter Quart examines the influence of advertising and marketing on our desires, aspirations, and consumption patterns, and how they shape our understanding of the American Dream.
The chapter begins with an exploration of the history of advertising and its evolution into a pervasive force in our lives. Quart discusses how advertisers strategically manipulate our emotions, tapping into our insecurities and desires to create a sense of dissatisfaction and the need for constant consumption. She argues that advertising is not simply a harmless tool for informing consumers but a powerful force that shapes our values and perpetuates the consumerist culture.
Quart examines how advertising specifically targets children and the ways in which it can distort their perception of the world. She sheds light on the aggressive marketing tactics employed by companies to sell products to children, exploiting their vulnerability and influencing their preferences from an early age. The author raises concerns about the impact of this targeted marketing on children's well-being, as it fosters materialistic values and undermines their ability to find contentment outside of consumerism.
Furthermore, the author explores the influence of social media and digital advertising in shaping our desires and self-image. Quart delves into the world of influencers and the curated lives they present on platforms like Instagram, highlighting how these images can fuel feelings of inadequacy and the need to constantly strive for an unattainable ideal. She argues that the pressure to showcase a perfect life on social media perpetuates a culture of comparison and consumption, leading to a sense of dissatisfaction and anxiety among individuals.
The chapter concludes by urging readers to be critical consumers of advertising and media, encouraging a reevaluation of our relationship with consumer culture. Quart emphasizes the importance of media literacy and the ability to discern between genuine needs and manufactured desires. She suggests that by becoming more aware of the persuasive tactics used in advertising, individuals can reclaim their autonomy and make choices that align with their own values and aspirations.
In summary, Chapter 3 of "Bootstrapped" explores the influence of advertising and marketing on our desires and consumption patterns. Quart highlights the manipulative tactics used by advertisers to create a culture of constant consumption and materialism. She examines the impact of targeted marketing on children and the role of social media in fostering feelings of inadequacy. The chapter calls for a critical examination of our relationship with advertising and media, encouraging readers to reclaim their autonomy and make choices that align with their personal values rather than succumbing to the influence of consumer culture.
4. The Horatio Alger Lie
In this chapter Quart explores the myth of meritocracy and the notion that hard work alone can lead to upward mobility and success in America.
The chapter opens with an examination of Horatio Alger, a 19th-century author known for his rags-to-riches stories that depict individuals overcoming poverty through perseverance and moral character. Quart delves into the cultural impact of Alger's stories and how they have shaped the American Dream narrative. However, she argues that the Horatio Alger myth oversimplifies the complexities of social mobility and disregards the systemic barriers that exist, such as structural inequality and discrimination.
Quart discusses the realities faced by many individuals who work hard but still struggle to make ends meet. She highlights the challenges of low-wage work, precarious employment, and the lack of upward mobility for a significant portion of the population. The author emphasizes that factors such as education, social networks, and access to opportunities play a significant role in determining one's chances of success, often beyond the realm of individual effort alone.
Furthermore, Quart examines how the narrative of meritocracy can create a culture of blame and shame for those who face economic hardships. She argues that the emphasis on personal responsibility ignores the broader social and economic forces at play. The author challenges the assumption that those who fail to achieve financial success are solely responsible for their circumstances, advocating for a more nuanced understanding of poverty and inequality.
The chapter also discusses the impact of inequality on social mobility. Quart delves into research and data that demonstrate how income disparities and wealth concentration have hindered upward mobility for many individuals. She highlights the importance of addressing systemic factors to create a more equitable society where opportunity is not solely determined by one's socioeconomic background.
In conclusion, Chapter 4 of "Bootstrapped" dismantles the myth of meritocracy and challenges the notion that hard work alone guarantees upward mobility. Quart highlights the systemic barriers that impede social mobility and emphasizes the need for a more nuanced understanding of poverty and inequality. The chapter calls for a shift in the narrative surrounding success, acknowledging the importance of collective responsibility and structural change in creating a more equitable society.
Part II: Brokers of the American Dream
Part II focuses on the intermediaries and institutions that perpetuate and profit from the American Dream narrative. Quart examines how industries such as education, media, and marketing exploit and reinforce the idealized vision of success, often at the expense of individuals' well-being and financial stability. She uncovers the ways in which these brokers, including for-profit colleges, reality TV shows, and self-help gurus, capitalize on people's aspirations and perpetuate unrealistic expectations. By shining a light on these brokers, Quart challenges readers to question the commodification of the American Dream and to critically assess the influence of these industries on our collective mindset.
5. Rich Fictions
In this chapter Quart examines the ways in which the wealthy and the pursuit of wealth are portrayed in popular culture, and how these representations contribute to the perpetuation of the American Dream myth.
The chapter opens with an exploration of the glorification of wealth in media and entertainment. Quart discusses how television shows, movies, and reality programs often depict opulent lifestyles and extravagant consumption, creating a fantasy of wealth and success. She argues that these portrayals not only normalize excessive materialism but also create unrealistic expectations and aspirations for viewers.
Quart delves into the narratives surrounding self-made billionaires and the notion that anyone can achieve vast wealth through hard work and entrepreneurial spirit. She analyzes the stories of famous billionaires, such as Mark Zuckerberg and Oprah Winfrey, to illustrate how their success is often oversimplified and attributed solely to their individual efforts. The author challenges this narrative, pointing out that systemic advantages, such as access to resources and social networks, often play a significant role in their success.
Furthermore, the chapter explores the psychology of wealth and how it can shape individuals' behaviors and attitudes. Quart discusses studies that highlight the negative effects of extreme wealth on empathy and moral decision-making. She argues that the pursuit of wealth can lead to a distorted value system, where personal gain is prioritized over social responsibility and collective well-being.
Quart also examines the influence of wealth inequality on society and democracy. She raises concerns about the concentration of power and influence in the hands of a few, leading to an erosion of social cohesion and democratic values. The author calls for a more critical examination of the impact of extreme wealth on society and the need to address inequality to ensure a fairer and more just society for all.
In summary, Chapter 5 of "Bootstrapped" explores the portrayal of wealth in popular culture and its influence on societal perceptions and aspirations. Quart challenges the glorification of wealth and self-made billionaire narratives, highlighting the systemic advantages that contribute to success. The chapter also discusses the psychological effects of extreme wealth and the implications of wealth inequality on society and democracy. It calls for a reevaluation of our cultural values and a more nuanced understanding of wealth, advocating for a shift towards collective well-being rather than the pursuit of individual riches.
6. The Self-Made Voter
In this chapter Quart explores the intersection of politics and the American Dream, examining how the rhetoric of self-reliance and individualism influences voter behavior and public policy.
The chapter begins by analyzing the political discourse around personal responsibility and the idea that success or failure is solely the result of individual effort. Quart discusses how this narrative aligns with the American Dream myth and shapes political ideologies. She argues that the emphasis on self-made success can lead to a lack of empathy and understanding for those facing economic challenges, as it fosters the belief that individuals are solely responsible for their circumstances.
Quart delves into the concept of meritocracy in politics, where elected officials are often portrayed as successful self-made individuals who have overcome obstacles through hard work. She examines the consequences of this narrative, highlighting how it can perpetuate a focus on individual achievement rather than collective well-being. The author raises concerns about how this mindset can hinder the implementation of policies that address systemic issues and promote a more equitable society.
Furthermore, the chapter explores the impact of economic insecurity on voter behavior. Quart discusses how the fear of economic decline can influence individuals to prioritize their own economic interests over broader societal concerns. She examines how politicians exploit these anxieties to promote policies that benefit the wealthy and perpetuate income inequality, often at the expense of the middle class and those in poverty.
Quart also examines the role of government assistance programs and the stigma attached to them. She discusses how the narrative of self-reliance can create a sense of shame and judgment towards individuals who rely on social safety nets. The author argues for a shift in public perception and policies that acknowledge the structural barriers and inequalities that exist, rather than placing the burden solely on individual effort.
In summary, Chapter 6 of "Bootstrapped" explores the influence of the American Dream narrative on voter behavior and public policy. Quart highlights the emphasis on self-reliance and individualism in political discourse and its impact on empathy, policy-making, and support for government assistance programs. The chapter calls for a more nuanced understanding of economic challenges, advocating for policies that address systemic issues and promote collective well-being. It challenges the narrative of self-made success and encourages a more compassionate and inclusive approach to politics and governance.
7. Zen Incorporated
In this chapter Quart explores the concept of work-life balance and the ways in which the demands of the modern workplace have encroached on our personal lives and well-being.
The chapter begins by examining the pervasive culture of overwork and the pressure to be constantly productive. Quart discusses how long work hours, unpaid overtime, and the blurring of boundaries between work and personal life have become the norm in many industries. She argues that this work-centric culture not only takes a toll on individuals' mental and physical health but also undermines our ability to find fulfillment outside of work.
Quart explores the rise of the "work martyr" mentality, where individuals feel compelled to sacrifice personal well-being and relationships for the sake of their careers. She examines the societal and organizational factors that contribute to this phenomenon, such as job insecurity, competition, and the expectation of constant availability. The author challenges the notion that long hours equate to productivity and success, advocating for a reevaluation of work norms and a recognition of the value of leisure and self-care.
Furthermore, the chapter delves into the impact of technology on work-life balance. Quart discusses how the constant connectivity facilitated by smartphones and other devices has made it increasingly difficult to disconnect from work. She examines the consequences of this "always on" culture, including burnout, stress, and a lack of time for personal relationships and leisure activities. The author calls for a conscious reintegration of boundaries between work and personal life to ensure a healthier balance and well-being.
Quart also explores alternative models of work and workplace practices that prioritize well-being and flexibility. She highlights the benefits of initiatives such as remote work, flexible hours, and sabbaticals, which can promote work-life integration and allow individuals to pursue personal interests and fulfillment outside of work. The chapter encourages employers to adopt these practices and for individuals to prioritize self-care and leisure in order to lead more balanced and fulfilling lives.
In summary, Chapter 7 of "Bootstrapped" addresses the challenges of work-life balance in the modern workplace. Quart critiques the culture of overwork and the pressures to constantly be productive, emphasizing the negative impact on well-being. The chapter calls for a reevaluation of work norms and the integration of boundaries between work and personal life. It explores the role of technology in work-life balance and advocates for alternative models of work that prioritize flexibility and well-being. Ultimately, the chapter promotes the importance of self-care and leisure in achieving a more balanced and fulfilling life.
Part III: Burdens of the American Dream
Part III delves into the negative consequences and hidden costs associated with the pursuit of the American Dream. Quart explores the ways in which the pressure to achieve financial success and social status can lead to a range of burdens, including economic insecurity, debt, stress, and loss of personal well-being. She examines the impact of these burdens on individuals and families, questioning the sustainability and fairness of a system that places such heavy expectations on its participants. Through personal stories and research, Quart invites readers to consider the toll that the American Dream can take on our lives and challenges us to seek alternative paths to fulfillment and happiness.
8. Go Fund Yourself
In this chapter Quart explores the rise of crowdfunding and the ways in which it has transformed the landscape of entrepreneurship, creativity, and personal finance.
The chapter begins by examining the traditional funding landscape and the challenges individuals face in accessing capital for their projects and ventures. Quart discusses how traditional avenues such as bank loans and venture capital funding often favor those with established networks and resources, leaving many individuals without access to financial support. She argues that this limited access perpetuates inequality and stifles innovation.
Quart delves into the emergence of crowdfunding platforms as an alternative source of funding. She explores how crowdfunding has democratized the process of raising capital, allowing individuals to directly connect with potential supporters and contributors. The author highlights the power of collective action and the ability of crowdfunding to bypass traditional gatekeepers, enabling individuals to bring their ideas to life and pursue their passions.
Furthermore, the chapter examines the various forms of crowdfunding, including rewards-based crowdfunding, equity crowdfunding, and donation-based crowdfunding. Quart explores the benefits and limitations of each model, discussing the potential risks and challenges associated with crowdfunding campaigns. She emphasizes the importance of strategic planning, transparency, and community engagement in successful crowdfunding endeavors.
Quart also raises questions about the long-term sustainability and implications of crowdfunding. She discusses how the pressure to constantly self-promote and seek financial support can impact individuals' creativity and autonomy. The author encourages a critical examination of the power dynamics within crowdfunding platforms and the need to ensure that they remain accessible to a diverse range of creators and entrepreneurs.
In summary, Chapter 8 of "Bootstrapped" explores the transformative power of crowdfunding in the realms of entrepreneurship, creativity, and personal finance. Quart highlights how crowdfunding has democratized the funding landscape, providing individuals with alternative means to access capital and pursue their projects. The chapter discusses the different models of crowdfunding and the potential benefits and challenges they present. It also raises important considerations about the long-term sustainability and equity within crowdfunding platforms. Overall, the chapter celebrates the potential of crowdfunding as a tool for empowerment and innovation while encouraging a critical understanding of its nuances and implications.
9. Mothers’ Revolution
In this chapter Quart explores the challenges faced by mothers in modern society, addressing the expectations, pressures, and structural barriers that impact their experiences and aspirations.
The chapter opens with an examination of the idealized image of motherhood perpetuated by society and media. Quart discusses the "supermom" narrative that promotes the idea of mothers who can effortlessly balance work, family, and personal life. She argues that this unrealistic expectation places undue pressure on mothers and obscures the realities of the challenges they face.
Quart delves into the structural barriers that hinder mothers' ability to fully participate in the workforce and pursue their professional aspirations. She discusses the gender pay gap, lack of affordable childcare, and the dearth of family-friendly policies in many workplaces. The author highlights the impact of these barriers on mothers' economic independence and career progression, emphasizing the need for systemic change to support and empower mothers in both their personal and professional lives.
Furthermore, the chapter examines the concept of "intensive mothering" and the pressure for mothers to devote an excessive amount of time and energy to their children. Quart critiques the notion that good motherhood requires constant self-sacrifice and prioritization of children over personal needs and desires. She calls for a more nuanced understanding of motherhood that allows for individual choices and recognizes the importance of self-care and well-being.
Quart also explores the concept of "maternal gatekeeping" and the ways in which societal expectations and gender roles can limit fathers' involvement in parenting. She discusses the importance of equal partnership and shared responsibilities in parenting, advocating for a more inclusive and collaborative approach that recognizes the diverse experiences and capabilities of parents.
In summary, Chapter 9 of "Bootstrapped" sheds light on the challenges faced by mothers in modern society. Quart critiques the idealized image of motherhood and the pressure to balance multiple roles seamlessly. The chapter addresses the structural barriers that hinder mothers' participation in the workforce and advocates for systemic changes to support working mothers. It also challenges societal expectations around intensive mothering and highlights the importance of equal partnership in parenting. Ultimately, the chapter calls for a reevaluation of societal norms and policies to create a more inclusive and supportive environment for mothers.
10. The Con of the Side Hustle
In this chapter Quart critically examines the rise of the side hustle economy and its implications for workers and society.
The chapter begins by discussing the cultural shift that has glamorized the idea of having multiple jobs or side gigs. Quart explores how the concept of the side hustle has been marketed as a pathway to financial freedom and fulfillment, often perpetuating the notion that individuals can achieve success and stability by constantly hustling. However, she argues that this narrative can be misleading and ignores the structural factors that contribute to economic insecurity.
Quart delves into the reasons why many individuals turn to side hustles. She highlights the impact of stagnant wages, the erosion of worker protections, and the rise of the gig economy. She argues that side hustles are often a symptom of larger systemic issues rather than a solution to economic challenges. The author emphasizes the need to address these underlying issues and create an economy that provides fair wages and stable employment opportunities.
Furthermore, the chapter explores the consequences of the side hustle economy on workers' well-being and quality of life. Quart discusses the physical and mental toll of juggling multiple jobs, highlighting the lack of work-life balance and the strain it places on individuals and their families. She argues that the pressure to constantly hustle can lead to burnout and a diminished sense of self-worth.
Quart also raises concerns about the impact of the side hustle economy on society as a whole. She discusses how the proliferation of low-paying, precarious jobs can exacerbate income inequality and erode the social safety net. The author calls for a reevaluation of societal values and policies to ensure that all individuals have access to stable, well-paying jobs rather than relying on the precariousness of side hustles.
In summary, Chapter 10 of "Bootstrapped" critically examines the rise of the side hustle economy. Quart challenges the narrative that side hustles are a viable path to financial success and fulfillment, arguing that they often reflect larger systemic issues and economic insecurity. The chapter highlights the negative impact on workers' well-being and calls for a reevaluation of societal norms and policies to address income inequality and create a more equitable and stable economy.
Part IV: Toward a New American Dream
Part IV explores alternative visions and possibilities for redefining the American Dream. Quart presents a collection of stories and strategies that offer a counter-narrative to the traditional pursuit of material success and upward mobility. She examines grassroots movements, cooperative endeavors, and community-based initiatives that prioritize values such as interdependence, collective well-being, and social justice. Through these examples, Quart challenges readers to reimagine and work towards a more inclusive, sustainable, and equitable society, where success is measured by factors beyond financial wealth and individual achievement. By offering alternative perspectives and models for success, this section inspires readers to envision and strive for a new American Dream that is rooted in shared prosperity, community support, and genuine fulfillment.
11. Class Traitors
In this chapter Quart explores the concept of social class and the ways in which it intersects with economic mobility, identity, and privilege.
The chapter begins by examining the myth of upward mobility in America and the notion that hard work alone can lead to financial success. Quart argues that this myth ignores the structural barriers and inequalities that exist, making it difficult for individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds to climb the economic ladder. She challenges the idea that those who do not achieve upward mobility are solely responsible for their circumstances, emphasizing the role of systemic factors in shaping individual outcomes.
Quart delves into the concept of class privilege and the ways in which it manifests in society. She discusses how individuals from privileged backgrounds often benefit from inherited wealth, social networks, and educational opportunities that contribute to their economic success. The author calls for a recognition of the advantages afforded to those in higher social classes and a collective responsibility to address the systemic inequalities that perpetuate class divisions.
Furthermore, the chapter explores the concept of "class traitors" - individuals who come from privileged backgrounds but actively work to challenge and dismantle the systems that perpetuate inequality. Quart examines the experiences of those who choose to use their privilege to advocate for social justice and equal opportunities. She highlights the importance of leveraging privilege for the collective good and creating a more equitable society.
Quart also addresses the complexities of class identity and the challenges individuals face in navigating multiple social and economic spheres. She discusses the pressure to conform to societal expectations and the fear of being perceived as disloyal or ungrateful when challenging the status quo. The author emphasizes the need for empathy and understanding across different class backgrounds, calling for solidarity and collective action to address systemic inequalities.
In summary, Chapter 11 of "Bootstrapped" explores the concept of social class and its implications for economic mobility and privilege. Quart challenges the myth of upward mobility and highlights the structural barriers that hinder economic progress for individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. The chapter calls for a recognition of class privilege and the responsibility to work towards a more equitable society. It also examines the experiences of class traitors and the complexities of class identity, emphasizing the need for empathy and collective action to address systemic inequalities.
12. The Feeling Is Mutual Aid
In this chapter Quart explores the concept of mutual aid and its potential as a transformative force in addressing social and economic challenges.
The chapter begins by discussing the limitations of traditional forms of assistance and charity, which often perpetuate power imbalances and rely on hierarchical models of giving. Quart argues that mutual aid offers an alternative approach that centers on solidarity, reciprocity, and collective action. She highlights how mutual aid groups and networks have emerged in various communities to provide support, resources, and care to those in need.
Quart delves into the historical context of mutual aid, tracing its roots to community-based practices of sharing and support that have long existed outside of formal institutions. She examines the ways in which mutual aid has been utilized during times of crisis and social upheaval, emphasizing its role in fostering resilience and building community connections.
Furthermore, the chapter explores the contemporary manifestations of mutual aid, particularly in response to the economic precarity and social inequalities of our time. Quart highlights the diverse range of mutual aid initiatives, from neighborhood food banks to grassroots mutual aid networks. She discusses how these initiatives challenge the notion of charity as a one-way transaction and instead promote collective empowerment and mutual support.
Quart also examines the intersection of mutual aid with other social justice movements, such as racial justice, gender equality, and environmental activism. She explores how mutual aid can be a tool for addressing systemic inequalities and advocating for transformative change. The author emphasizes the importance of centering marginalized voices and experiences within mutual aid efforts to ensure that they are inclusive and equitable.
In summary, Chapter 12 of "Bootstrapped" explores the concept of mutual aid and its potential as a transformative force in addressing social and economic challenges. Quart critiques traditional models of charity and highlights the principles of solidarity, reciprocity, and collective action inherent in mutual aid. The chapter examines the historical context and contemporary manifestations of mutual aid, emphasizing its role in fostering resilience and building community connections. It also explores the intersection of mutual aid with social justice movements and the importance of inclusivity within mutual aid initiatives. Overall, the chapter celebrates the power of mutual aid as a means of collective empowerment and social change.
13. Boss Workers
In this chapter Quart examines the rise of the gig economy and the challenges faced by workers who operate as independent contractors or freelancers.
The chapter begins by discussing the changing nature of work and the shift away from traditional employer-employee relationships. Quart explores the growth of the gig economy, where individuals take on temporary or freelance jobs through platforms such as Uber, TaskRabbit, or Upwork. She highlights the implications of this shift for workers' rights, job security, and economic stability.
Quart delves into the experiences of gig workers and the precarity they face. She discusses the lack of employment benefits and protections, such as healthcare, retirement plans, and paid time off, which are typically associated with traditional employment. The author emphasizes the vulnerability of gig workers, who often operate without a safety net and face unpredictable income streams.
Furthermore, the chapter examines the power dynamics within the gig economy. Quart discusses the role of platforms and algorithms in determining workers' pay, job assignments, and ratings. She highlights the lack of transparency and accountability within these systems, which can result in exploitation and arbitrary decision-making. The author calls for greater regulation and worker protections to ensure fair treatment and improved working conditions.
Quart also explores the ways in which gig work intersects with issues of race, gender, and socioeconomic inequality. She discusses how certain groups, such as women and people of color, may face additional barriers and discrimination in the gig economy. The author highlights the need for intersectional analysis and inclusive policy solutions to address these disparities.
In summary, Chapter 13 of "Bootstrapped" sheds light on the challenges faced by workers in the gig economy. Quart critiques the lack of employment benefits and protections for gig workers and calls for greater regulation and accountability. The chapter explores the power dynamics within the gig economy and the implications for workers' rights. It also emphasizes the importance of considering the intersectionality of race, gender, and socioeconomic factors in understanding the experiences of gig workers. Ultimately, the chapter advocates for a reevaluation of the gig economy and the creation of a more equitable and secure working environment for all.
14. Inequality Therapy
In this chapter Quart explores the psychological and emotional toll of economic inequality and the need for collective healing and resilience.
The chapter begins by discussing the psychological impact of income inequality on individuals and communities. Quart highlights the feelings of shame, inadequacy, and resentment that can arise in the face of stark wealth disparities. She argues that the focus on individual success and personal responsibility often overlooks the systemic factors that contribute to inequality, further exacerbating these negative emotions.
Quart delves into the concept of "inequality therapy" as a means of addressing the psychological consequences of economic inequality. She explores different approaches, such as group therapy, art therapy, and community-building exercises, that aim to create spaces for individuals to process their experiences, share their stories, and build connections with others who have faced similar challenges.
Furthermore, the chapter examines the importance of fostering collective resilience in the face of economic inequality. Quart discusses the role of community organizations and grassroots movements in providing support, resources, and empowerment to those affected by inequality. She highlights the power of collective action and solidarity in challenging the status quo and advocating for systemic change.
Quart also addresses the need for policymakers and institutions to prioritize mental health and well-being in their efforts to address economic inequality. She calls for the integration of mental health services, trauma-informed care, and community support structures into policy initiatives. The author emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of economic, social, and psychological well-being.
In summary, Chapter 14 of "Bootstrapped" explores the psychological consequences of economic inequality and the concept of inequality therapy. Quart highlights the emotional toll of inequality and the need for collective healing and resilience. The chapter examines different approaches to address these psychological challenges, emphasizing the importance of community support and collective action. It also calls for a holistic approach to policy-making that prioritizes mental health and well-being alongside economic reforms. Ultimately, the chapter emphasizes the importance of recognizing the human impact of inequality and working towards a more equitable and compassionate society.
15. Volunteering Ourselves
In this chapter Quart explores the phenomenon of volunteerism and its complex relationship with societal expectations, personal fulfillment, and social change.
The chapter begins by examining the cultural narrative that promotes volunteerism as a means of personal growth and self-improvement. Quart discusses how the pressure to volunteer can be driven by societal expectations and the desire to present oneself as a responsible and caring individual. She questions the underlying motivations behind volunteerism and challenges the notion that it is always a selfless act.
Quart delves into the ways in which volunteering can be influenced by power dynamics and reinforce existing inequalities. She discusses how certain forms of volunteer work can perpetuate a savior mentality or reinforce paternalistic attitudes towards the communities being served. The author emphasizes the importance of critically examining the impact of volunteer efforts and ensuring that they are driven by genuine empathy and a commitment to social justice.
Furthermore, the chapter explores the potential for volunteering to be a catalyst for social change. Quart highlights the importance of grassroots and community-led initiatives that empower marginalized communities and address systemic issues. She discusses the need for volunteer efforts to go beyond short-term acts of charity and focus on long-term structural transformations.
Quart also examines the implications of volunteerism for individuals' well-being and sense of purpose. She explores how volunteering can provide a sense of belonging, meaning, and connection to others. However, she also acknowledges the potential for burnout and the need for individuals to set boundaries and prioritize their own well-being in the process.
In summary, Chapter 15 of "Bootstrapped" explores the complexities of volunteerism and its relationship with societal expectations, power dynamics, and social change. Quart challenges the notion of volunteerism as purely selfless and emphasizes the need for critical reflection on the impact of volunteer efforts. The chapter highlights the importance of community-led initiatives and long-term structural transformations in addressing social issues. It also acknowledges the potential benefits and challenges of volunteering for individuals' well-being. Ultimately, the chapter encourages a nuanced understanding of volunteerism and a commitment to collective action for a more just and equitable society.
16. Unmaking the Self-Made Myth
In this chapter Quart challenges the pervasive narrative of individual success and self-made achievement, exposing the fallacies and inequalities that underlie this myth.
The chapter begins by critiquing the idea of the self-made person and the glorification of individual success. Quart argues that this narrative overlooks the structural advantages and systemic inequalities that play a significant role in determining one's outcomes. She highlights how factors such as family background, race, gender, and access to resources shape opportunities and outcomes, debunking the notion of pure individual merit.
Quart delves into the stories of individuals who have achieved success, revealing the hidden support systems and privileges that have contributed to their achievements. She highlights the role of inherited wealth, social connections, and access to educational opportunities in creating an environment conducive to success. The author argues that these advantages are often masked by the self-made myth, perpetuating the belief that anyone can achieve success through sheer determination and hard work.
Furthermore, the chapter explores the negative consequences of the self-made myth on individuals and society at large. Quart discusses how the myth perpetuates the idea of personal failure and stigmatizes those who do not achieve financial success. She examines the psychological toll of internalizing this myth and the pressure to constantly strive for success, often at the expense of well-being and fulfillment.
Quart also calls for a reevaluation of societal values and a shift towards a more collective and compassionate approach. She emphasizes the need to recognize the interdependence of individuals and the importance of community support systems. The author advocates for policies and initiatives that address systemic inequalities and provide equal opportunities for all, challenging the self-made myth and fostering a more equitable society.
In summary, Chapter 16 of "Bootstrapped" critiques the self-made myth and exposes the fallacies and inequalities that underlie it. Quart challenges the belief in pure individual merit and highlights the role of systemic advantages in determining success. The chapter examines the negative consequences of the self-made myth and calls for a reevaluation of societal values. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing interdependence and working towards a more compassionate and equitable society. Ultimately, the chapter aims to unmake the self-made myth and foster a collective understanding of success and achievement.
Epilogue: My Interdependence Day
The Epilogue serves as a reflection on the themes explored throughout the book and offers a personal narrative of the author's journey towards embracing interdependence.
In this final chapter, Quart shares her own experiences and realization of the interconnectedness of individuals and communities. She reflects on the stories and voices she encountered throughout her research, highlighting the diverse struggles and challenges faced by those seeking to liberate themselves from the confines of the American Dream.
The author emphasizes the need to shift our perspective from the individualistic pursuit of success towards a collective understanding of well-being and fulfillment. Quart challenges the idea that personal success is solely determined by individual effort and highlights the importance of acknowledging the systemic factors that shape our lives.
Furthermore, Quart celebrates the power of collective action and grassroots movements in effecting meaningful change. She discusses the various initiatives and networks she encountered that prioritize solidarity, mutual support, and social justice. The author encourages readers to actively engage in their communities and work towards dismantling the structures of inequality and exploitation that perpetuate the American Dream myth.
The epilogue concludes with Quart's vision of an "Interdependence Day," a day of celebration and recognition of our shared humanity and interconnectedness. She calls for a society that values compassion, community, and collective well-being over individual achievement and material wealth.
In summary, the epilogue of "Bootstrapped" offers a personal reflection on the themes of the book and the author's own journey towards embracing interdependence. Quart emphasizes the need to shift our perspective from individualism to collectivism and challenges the myth of the American Dream. The chapter celebrates the power of collective action and envisions a future where solidarity and compassion are prioritized. Ultimately, Quart invites readers to reconsider their own beliefs and actively engage in creating a more equitable and interconnected world.
Alissa Quart - https://www.alissaquart.com/books
Bootstrapped: Liberating Ourselves from the American Dream
Alissa Quart is an author, journalist, editor, and executive director of the Economic Hardship Reporting Project. She has also written for the New York Times, the Washington Post, and Time Magazine.
Below, Alissa shares 5 key insights from her new book, Bootstrapped: Liberating Ourselves from the American Dream. Listen to the audio version—read by Alissa herself—in the Next Big Idea App.
1. No one is actually self-made.
Ever since the term “self-made men” was first coined in the 1830s by the Kentucky representative Henry Clay, there’s been a popular American notion that you can succeed without help from relatives, your government, or your community. Clay initially used the phrase in the U.S. Senate to praise his state’s manufacturers. In his case, it also meant that the entrepreneurs of his state were self-propelled and that their labor was their own—ignoring the fact that many of those actually doing the work were enslaved.
In the two centuries since, claiming to be “self-made” has become the signature of a wide range of people, from those at the apex of Silicon Valley to Donald Trump. While it’s tempting to assert that one is self-sufficient and self-invented, most who push for this status are dependent on many others for their creation. In other words, being truly “self-made” is an impossibility, and to claim that you have acted with utter independence usually means that you are denying something. Often this means ignoring the role of our parents, teachers, or caretakers, as well as the roles of wealth, gender, race, and inherited property. There’s a delusion when people say of their financial success, “I did it alone,” denying the web of relatedness all of us dwell in.
This individualist fantasy also shapes some voters’ choice of politicians, as they are drawn most to those who insist that they have succeeded entirely by themselves. So let’s retire the concept of the “self-made man.” Kylie Jenner is not “self-made,” and neither are you and I.
2. The “pull yourself up by your bootstraps” story is toxic.
The idea that we can, and must, “pull ourselves up by our bootstraps” is an impossibility, and it’s also toxic. The individualism it insists upon can be isolating and draining. We are social creatures who find strength in reciprocity and giving, and find meaning in belonging. The bootstraps narrative doesn’t and, in fact, it comes along with a helping of self-blame. According to pollsters, an inordinate number of middle-class Americans in focus groups believed that “if they didn’t make it, it’s because of themselves.” They also expressed self-loathing around any perceived setbacks they had experienced.
It’s dangerous for us to think that we are the sole creators of our own destinies, and if we don’t quite manage to achieve that, to question our value. If self-reliance is the ultimate virtue, those who can’t or won’t manage this are encouraged to find themselves wanting.
In one study, more than half of Republicans agreed with the statement, “People get stuck in poverty primarily because they make bad decisions or lack the ambition to do better in life.” This is the kind of thinking that results from hundreds of years of claiming that everyone who wants to get ahead can do so.
This mindset is so pervasive that it leads to self-hatred. People start to wonder what they may have done wrong to wind up in their circumstances; often the reason is being born to a family without adequate savings, or having accrued educational debt due to the higher learning they were told to acquire. Those who are poor have internalized this thinking, faulting themselves alone. According to a study in 2015 by Oxford University and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, poorer people tend to experience a “negative self-stereotyping effect,” absorbing the media clichés and considering themselves to be low in competence, and even flawed at the root. In other words, the bootstraps story harms many of us, with the potential exception of the richest.
3. Interdependence and even dependence take craft and skill.
It takes craft and skill to be dependent on others, even though mutual dependence is, in fact, our natural condition. The ability to be gracefully dependent on others, and institutions, is called “the art of dependence.” As a society e should celebrate not only independence, but dependence as well.
The art of dependence means accepting aid with magnanimousness, and crucially, recognizing the importance of others. It takes dignity to lean on friends, loved ones, colleagues, and even on the state. Admitting a need and asking for help, even filling out forms for student financial aid, shouldn’t be embarrassing. We can reframe it as a way of more intensely engaging with society. Asking for help can even involve heroism; in a country that stigmatizes dependence, acknowledging need takes strength.
4. The new American Dream is a mutual one.
There are ways in which ordinary people are building a new American Dream, and we should follow their lead and join them; these new directions can be quite surprising. One example of these new American Dreamers is those who are part of the multiple mutual aids across the country that rose up during the pandemic. They are rethinking charity, and givers and receivers are more aligned. When we embrace the mutual in our lives, our work goes faster, and we are also less anxious and depressed. Human beings are biologically wired to be in relation to each other; our bodies and minds are regulated by one another.
The new American Dream, or “anti-bootstrapping,” can be seen in alternative labor organization meetings or in picketing for higher salaries. The new American Dream is also found in workers entering their workplaces on different terms—for example, the worker-owners of today’s rising number of worker cooperatives. It also includes the participatory budgeting citizens’ groups that have emerged in cities around the country, and are holding municipal governments accountable. Ordinary people are learning the ins and outs of their local government and linking up with other residents to help shift the millions of municipal dollars to create new neighborhood resources.
5. The dystopian social safety net is important.
Sometimes voluntarism and citizen collective efforts are really not the answer to social ills. It is, however, the only answer we have right now, and the resulting effect is a “dystopian social safety net.” This describes social programs or crowdfunding arrangements that should not have to exist, yet are heavily relied upon. When speaking to a number of people who depend on these platforms, they believe that these needs should be supported through government aid, not by online charity drives. Why should we be collecting money from friends, and even near-strangers on the internet, to pay for our medical bills?
The dystopian social safety net also includes nonprofits throughout the country that are forced to open warming centers designed to prevent those experiencing homelessness from freezing during cold snaps. For slightly more solvent, unhoused people, there are safe parking initiatives; designated lots double as housing for those living out of their cars. In Walmart, for example, parking lots and other commercial lots usually used for loading and unloading have become ad-hoc overnight residences. The dystopian social safety net also includes organizations like the Patient Advocate Foundation with its Co-Pay Relief program, which can step in if you receive surprising and wildly excessive medical bills you are unable to pay. The dental fairs—free two-day dental clinics—are geared toward the many people who cannot afford tooth care (fewer than half of American dentists accept Medicaid). The dystopian social safety net isn’t bad in itself; its very existence, however, is a sign of societal ill health.
https://nextbigideaclub.com/magazine/bootstrapped-liberating-american-dream-bookbite/41340/
Bootstrapped: Liberating Ourselves from the American Dream
-Reviewed by Cory Doctorow, originally published by Pluralistic
Steinbeck never said that Americans see themselves as “temporarily embarrassed millionaires,” but that misquotation is so pervasive because it captures something vital about one version of the American Dream, the idea that anyone can make it in America by pulling themselves up by their bootstraps, which means that if you haven’t made it, it’s because of some defect within you, and not because of a rigged system.
In Bootstrapped: Liberating Ourselves from the American Dream, Alissa Quart – director of the Economic Hardship Reporting Project – addresses the meritocratic delusion of the “self-made man,” the story that, in America, the rich are good, and therefore the good are rich, and therefore the dwindling slice of the pie shared among everyone else is no more than they deserve.
Quart’s book braids together four strands: a factual account of the reality of social mobility in America; a kind of psychoanalysis of what the myth of being self-made does to your mind; a power analysis of how the self-made brainworm benefits the rich and powerful, and a program for breaking free of the stultifying grip of a belief in the self-made.
Start with the factual: America is not a bootstrap-friendly land. If you have money in America, chances are very good are you inherited it. Gone is the culture of “shirtsleeves to shirtsleeves in three generations,” where “the first generation makes it, the second generation spends it, and the third generation loses it.”
Instead – as Abigail Disney has described, in a rare glimpse behind the scenes of American oligarchs’ “family offices,” American wealth is now dynastic, perpetuating itself and growing thanks to a whole Versailles’ worth of courtiers: money managers, lawyers, and overpaid babysitters who can keep even the most Habsburg jawed nepobaby in turnip-sized million-dollar watches and performance automobiles and organ replacements for their whole, interminable lives.
But it’s not just that the America rich stay rich – it’s that the American poor stay poor. America is a world-trailing loser in the international social mobility league-table. If you change classes in America, chances are you’re a middle class person becoming poor, thanks to medical costs or another of the American debt-traps; or you’re a poor person who is becoming a homeless person thanks to America’s world-beating eviction mills.
As a factual matter, America just isn’t the land of bootstraps; it’s a land of hereditary aristocrats. Sustaining the American narrative of meritocracy requires a whole culture industry, novels and later movies that constitute a kind of state religion for Americans – and like all religious tales, the American faith tradition is riddled with gaps and contradictions.
Take Horatio Alger, the 19th century American writer whose name is synonymous with rags-to-riches thanks to the enormous volume of stories he wrote about young, male “street urchins” rising to positions of power. There are many problems with Alger’s work and our conception of it. For starters, 19th century American street kids overwhelmingly lived and died in stagnant, grinding poverty. Nineteenth century America was not a country of ex-homeless kids who rose to positions of wealth and prominence.
But even more: Alger didn’t even write self-made man stories. The Alger formula is not a boy who rises above his station through hard work – rather, the Alger stories are universally tales in which young boys befriend powerful, older men who use their power and wealth to lift those boys up. An Alger hero is never self-made.
Even more disturbing: Alger was a pedophile who lost his position as a minister after raping adolescent boys. He was only spared prison when his father – a powerful religious figure – intervened, promising the young Alger’s furious parishoners that Horatio would leave the clergy – which Horatio Alger did, turning instead to writing. Quart notes ominously that Alger went on to adopt two young boys.
That the cult of self-reliance elevated a pedophile who wrote endlessly about how the way for poor boys to get ahead was to move in with older, richer men to legendary status is just…amazing. I mean, I know “every accusation is a confession,” but the fact that the groomer panic set are also giant Alger fans is…wild.
Not all of the self-reliance mythmakers were sexual predators, but they were all liars. Laura Ingalls Wilder’s incredibly popular Little House on the Prairie books recounted her family’s “pioneer” past as a triumph of self-reliance and gumption, glossing easily over the vast state subsidies that the Ingalls family relied on, from the military who stole Indigenous land, to the largesse that donated that stolen land to the Ingallses, to the farm subsidies that kept the Ingalls afloat.
Ingalls Wilder wasn’t just a mythmaker. She was a close literary and political collaborator with her daughter, the far-right ideologue Rose Wilder Lane, who used the Little House royalties to fight the New Deal, and, later, to create a school for oligarchs, the “Freedom School,” whose graduates include Charles and David Koch.
Of course, no discussion of American pro-selfishness mythmaking would be complete without a mention of Ayn Rand, whose ideology and apologists Quart dissects with expert precision, including the absurd take that Rand’s reliance on government handouts was “ideologically consistent” because Rand was just taking back the money the government had illegitimately taxed away from her.
For Quart, all this mythmaking serves two purposes: first, it helps convince the vast majority of Americans – who work longer hours, earn less, and owe more for schooling, rent and education than their peers abroad – that any problems they face are their own, representative of an individual failing and not a systemic problem for which they should seek redress through mass political movements and unions. So long as America is a land of the self-made, then anything you can’t do on your own is your own damn fault for not making enough of yourself. Are you worried about climate change? Well, what are you doing about it? Recycle harder!
The self-made myth serves America’s oligarchs by befuddling people who might otherwise busy themselves building guillotines on the lawns of the nation’s mansions. But the rich depend on the myth for more than safety from others’ wrath – the myth also protects rich people from themselves, from their consciences that might otherwise recoil from the moral injury of having so much when others have to little. The myth lets the richest man on Earth ascend in a penis-shaped rocket, return, thank “every Amazon employee,” adding “you guys paid for all of this,” even as his warehouses maim those workers at twice the rate of his competitors’ facilities.
Quart makes a case that American progress depends on breaking free of this myth, through co-operative movements, trade unions, mutual aid networks and small acts of person-to-person kindness. For her, the pandemic’s proof of our entwined destiny, at a cellular level, and its demonstration of whose work is truly “essential,” proves that our future is interdependent.
Mutualism produces benefits in the here and now – it’s how we get a larger share of the profit generated by our work; how we secure education, health and housing; how we rescue one another from life’s exigencies and the attacks of our social betters. But the money, power, space and peace that we get from looking after one another has another benefit: freeing us up to demand more change, more equality, more democratic accountability.
Quart’s case-studies of organizers and rank-and-file in different movements are prescriptions for systemic changes, while her urgent case for reframing how we think of ourselves and our society present an individual-scale project for all of us.
America’s Most Insidious Myth It’s time to challenge our country’s
dangerous obsession with self-reliance. By Emi Nietfeld
https://www.theatlantic.com/books/archive/2023/03/alissa-quart-bootstrapped-book-review/673354/
More Reviews
https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/bootstrapped-liberating-ourselves-american-dream
https://www.democracynow.org/2023/3/29/alissa_quart_bootstrapped_book_american_dream
https://www.teenvogue.com/story/bootstrapped-book-alissa-quart
https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/alissa-quart-bootstrapped-interview/
https://pluralistic.net/2023/04/10/declaration-of-interdependence/
