Political Science and Theory: Hidden History of American Health Care

Hidden History of American Health Care - Thom Harmann

"For-profit health insurance is the largest con job ever perpetrated on the American people—one that has cost trillions of dollars and millions of lives since the 1940s,” says Thom Hartmann.

Other countries have shown us that affordable universal healthcare is not only possible but also effective and efficient. Taiwan’s single-payer system saved the country a fortune as well as saving lives during the coronavirus pandemic, enabling the country to implement a nationwide coronavirus test-and-contact-trace program without shutting down the economy. This resulted in just ten deaths, while more than 500,000 people have died in the United States.

Hartmann offers a deep dive into the shameful history of American healthcare, showing how greed, racism, and oligarchic corruption led to the current “sickness for profit” system. Modern attempts to create versions of government healthcare have been hobbled at every turn, including Obamacare.

There is a simple solution: Medicare for all. Hartmann outlines the extraordinary benefits this system would provide the American people and economy and the steps we need to take to make it a reality. It’s time for America to join every industrialized country in the world and make health a right, not a privilege.
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Table of Contents

Introduction: How a Single-Payer Healthcare System Helped Stop COVID-19

In his book "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann explores the history of healthcare in the United States and how it has been influenced by various political and economic forces. In the introduction, Hartmann argues that the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the flaws of the current healthcare system in the US and highlights the need for a single-payer healthcare system.

Hartmann begins by discussing the impact of COVID-19 on the US healthcare system. He notes that the pandemic has highlighted the inequalities in healthcare access and outcomes, with people of color and low-income individuals being disproportionately affected. He also points out that the for-profit nature of the healthcare system has hindered the country's ability to respond to the pandemic, with hospitals and healthcare providers struggling to provide adequate care due to a lack of resources.

Hartmann then introduces the concept of a single-payer healthcare system, which he argues would provide universal coverage and reduce costs by eliminating the administrative and profit-seeking activities of private insurance companies. He notes that countries with single-payer systems, such as Canada, have been able to effectively respond to the pandemic by providing access to testing, treatment, and vaccines to all citizens.

Hartmann also addresses common objections to a single-payer system, such as concerns about long wait times and the cost of implementing such a system. He argues that these concerns are often exaggerated and that a single-payer system would actually reduce costs in the long run by eliminating inefficiencies and improving health outcomes.

In addition to advocating for a single-payer healthcare system, Hartmann also highlights the importance of addressing the social determinants of health, such as poverty, racism, and environmental factors. He notes that these factors have played a significant role in the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on marginalized communities.

Hartmann concludes the introduction by arguing that the COVID-19 pandemic has provided an opportunity for the US to rethink its healthcare system and move towards a more equitable and effective model. He notes that other countries have successfully implemented single-payer systems and that the US can do the same if it is willing to prioritize the health and well-being of all its citizens.

Medicare for All-Why?

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann discusses the idea of Medicare for All, a single-payer healthcare system in which the government provides universal healthcare coverage for all citizens. In the section "Medicare for All-Why?" Hartmann explores the history and rationale behind this proposal.

Hartmann begins by discussing the origins of Medicare, which was first implemented in 1965 as a program to provide healthcare coverage for elderly and disabled individuals. He notes that Medicare has been successful in reducing poverty among the elderly and improving health outcomes, and argues that expanding this program to cover all citizens would be a logical next step.

Hartmann then outlines the problems with the current healthcare system in the US, including high costs, unequal access to care, and poor health outcomes. He notes that the for-profit nature of the healthcare industry has created a system in which the needs of patients are often secondary to the interests of insurance companies and pharmaceutical companies.

Hartmann argues that Medicare for All would solve many of these problems by providing universal coverage, eliminating the administrative costs associated with private insurance, and allowing the government to negotiate lower prices for healthcare services and medications.

He also addresses common objections to Medicare for All, such as concerns about increased taxes and the role of government in healthcare. Hartmann argues that the savings from eliminating private insurance and negotiating lower prices would offset the cost of expanding Medicare, and that the government has a responsibility to provide for the health and well-being of its citizens.

Hartmann concludes the section by highlighting the support for Medicare for All among healthcare professionals, labor unions, and progressive politicians. He argues that the COVID-19 pandemic has further underscored the need for universal healthcare coverage and that Medicare for All is the most effective solution to the problems of the US healthcare system.

Medicare for All-How?

In the section "Medicare for All-How?" of "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann discusses the practical aspects of implementing a single-payer healthcare system in the US. He addresses questions about financing, administration, and the role of private insurance companies.

Hartmann begins by noting that Medicare for All would require significant changes to the current healthcare system, including the elimination of private insurance and the expansion of Medicare to cover all citizens. He argues that this would not only improve access to healthcare but also save money by eliminating the administrative costs and profit margins associated with private insurance.

Hartmann then addresses concerns about financing Medicare for All, noting that the system would be funded through progressive taxation, including taxes on the wealthy, corporations, and financial transactions. He argues that the savings from eliminating private insurance and negotiating lower prices for healthcare services and medications would offset the cost of expanding Medicare.

Hartmann also discusses the administrative structure of Medicare for All, noting that the system would be administered by a national healthcare program rather than a patchwork of private insurance companies. He argues that this would improve efficiency and reduce administrative costs, allowing more resources to be directed towards patient care.

Finally, Hartmann addresses the role of private insurance companies in Medicare for All. He notes that these companies would be eliminated under the proposal, but that the employees and executives of these companies would still have valuable skills that could be put to use in the new system. He suggests that these individuals could be retrained and employed in the national healthcare program, or could transition to other industries that would benefit from their expertise.

Hartmann also notes that Medicare for All would eliminate the need for healthcare providers to navigate a complex and confusing system of insurance reimbursement. He argues that this would allow providers to focus on providing care rather than paperwork, leading to better outcomes for patients.

Finally, Hartmann addresses the political challenges of implementing Medicare for All, noting that the healthcare industry wields significant political power and would likely oppose the proposal. He suggests that a broad coalition of healthcare professionals, labor unions, and progressive politicians would be needed to overcome this opposition and pass the necessary legislation.

Overall, Hartmann argues that Medicare for All is a practical and effective solution to the problems of the US healthcare system, and that it would improve access to care while also saving money and improving health outcomes.

Part 1 - How Bad Things Are in America

How the Insurance Industry Bought Joe Lieberman and Killed the Public Option

In the section "How the Insurance Industry Bought Joe Lieberman and Killed the Public Option" of Part 1 - How Bad Things Are in America in "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann explores the events leading up to the failure of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to include a public option. He focuses on the role of Joe Lieberman, a senator from Connecticut who played a key role in blocking the public option.

Hartmann begins by noting that the public option, which would have allowed individuals to buy into a government-run insurance plan, was a popular and effective solution to the problem of high healthcare costs. He argues that the public option would have provided competition to private insurance companies, driving down prices and improving access to care.

However, Hartmann notes that the insurance industry saw the public option as a threat to their profits and mobilized their resources to oppose it. He notes that Joe Lieberman, who had previously expressed support for the public option, reversed his position and became a vocal opponent of the proposal.

Hartmann argues that Lieberman's opposition was the result of pressure from the insurance industry, which had donated significant sums of money to his campaigns and employed his wife as a lobbyist. He suggests that Lieberman's actions were driven by a desire to protect the interests of the insurance industry rather than the needs of his constituents.

Hartmann also notes that Lieberman's opposition was crucial to the failure of the public option. Without Lieberman's vote, the public option could not pass the Senate, and the ACA was ultimately passed without the provision.

Hartmann argues that the failure of the public option was a major missed opportunity for healthcare reform in the US. He notes that the ACA has not been able to effectively control healthcare costs or provide universal coverage, and that a public option could have helped address these problems.

Finally, Hartmann suggests that the failure of the public option highlights the need for a single-payer healthcare system in the US. He notes that such a system would eliminate the influence of private insurance companies and ensure that all Americans have access to affordable healthcare. He argues that Medicare for All, which he discusses in detail elsewhere in the book, is the best solution to the problems of the US healthcare system.

Obamacare: Rube Goldberg Meets Health Insurance

In the section "Obamacare: Rube Goldberg Meets Health Insurance" of Part 1 - How Bad Things Are in America in "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann discusses the complexities and shortcomings of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare.

Hartmann notes that the ACA was a complex piece of legislation, with numerous provisions and regulations aimed at expanding access to healthcare and controlling costs. However, he argues that the law was compromised by the influence of the insurance industry, which pushed for concessions and loopholes that undermined its effectiveness.

Hartmann identifies several problems with the ACA, including the fact that it is based on a system of private insurance rather than a single-payer system, which he argues would be more efficient and effective. He notes that the ACA relies on a complex system of subsidies and mandates, which he likens to a Rube Goldberg machine, and argues that it has failed to control healthcare costs or provide universal coverage.

Hartmann also notes that the ACA has been weakened by legal challenges, including a Supreme Court ruling that allowed states to opt out of the law's Medicaid expansion. He argues that these challenges have further limited the effectiveness of the ACA and highlighted the need for a more comprehensive healthcare reform.

Finally, Hartmann suggests that the ACA's shortcomings can be attributed to the influence of the insurance industry, which he argues has played a dominant role in shaping the US healthcare system. He notes that insurance companies have lobbied for policies that prioritize their profits over the health of Americans, and that this has led to a fragmented, inefficient system that fails to provide adequate care to many.

Hartmann concludes by arguing that the US needs a fundamental overhaul of its healthcare system, and that a single-payer system is the best solution. He notes that such a system would eliminate the influence of private insurance companies and ensure that all Americans have access to affordable, high-quality healthcare.

Wendell Potter: A Good Man in a Bad Job

In the section "Wendell Potter: A Good Man in a Bad Job" of Part 1 - How Bad Things Are in America in "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann discusses the role of insurance industry whistleblowers in exposing the corrupt practices of the healthcare system.

Hartmann focuses on the story of Wendell Potter, a former executive at the insurance company Cigna who became a whistleblower and advocate for healthcare reform. Potter is portrayed as a man who became disillusioned with the insurance industry after witnessing firsthand how it prioritized profits over the health and well-being of its customers.

Potter's story is used to illustrate the corrupting influence of the insurance industry on the US healthcare system. Hartmann notes that insurance companies have invested heavily in lobbying and campaign contributions to protect their profits, even if it means denying care to those who need it.

Hartmann describes how Potter's advocacy helped to bring attention to the issue of healthcare reform and the need for a single-payer system. Potter is portrayed as a hero who risked his career and reputation to speak out against the corrupt practices of the insurance industry.

Hartmann argues that whistleblowers like Potter are essential to exposing the truth about the healthcare industry and pushing for meaningful reform. He notes that without their efforts, the true extent of the corruption and greed in the industry may never be fully understood.

Hartmann also emphasizes the need for more transparency in the healthcare industry, arguing that consumers have a right to know how much healthcare services and medications cost. He notes that the lack of transparency in pricing has contributed to the high cost of healthcare in the US.

Finally, Hartmann highlights the importance of holding the insurance industry accountable for its actions. He argues that without meaningful consequences for their corrupt practices, insurance companies will continue to prioritize their profits over the health of Americans.

Overall, the section on Wendell Potter serves as a call to action for whistleblowers and advocates for healthcare reform, emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability, and a system that prioritizes the health and well-being of all Americans.

"Dollar Bill" McGuire and the Privatization of Medicare

In the section "Dollar Bill McGuire and the Privatization of Medicare" in Part 1 - How Bad Things Are in America in "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann delves into the privatization of Medicare and the role of William "Dollar Bill" McGuire in this process.

Hartmann begins by providing some background on Medicare, which was signed into law in 1965 and initially provided universal healthcare coverage for all Americans over the age of 65. However, over time, the program has become increasingly privatized, with private insurance companies being allowed to offer Medicare Advantage plans.

Hartmann then introduces McGuire, the former CEO of UnitedHealth Group, one of the largest healthcare companies in the world. McGuire is portrayed as a wealthy and powerful figure who used his influence to push for the privatization of Medicare and other aspects of the healthcare system.

Hartmann describes how McGuire and other industry leaders saw Medicare as a potential source of profit and worked to persuade lawmakers to expand the program to include private insurance options. This led to the creation of Medicare Advantage, which allowed private insurance companies to offer coverage to Medicare beneficiaries.

However, Hartmann notes that the privatization of Medicare has come at a cost. He argues that private insurers have used aggressive marketing tactics to lure seniors into their plans, often without fully disclosing the costs and limitations of their coverage.

Hartmann also notes that Medicare Advantage plans often come with higher costs and fewer benefits than traditional Medicare, and that private insurers have been accused of engaging in fraudulent billing practices.

Overall, the section on Dollar Bill McGuire serves as a warning about the dangers of healthcare privatization and the influence of wealthy and powerful individuals in shaping healthcare policy. Hartmann argues that the focus on profits over patient care has led to a healthcare system that is costly, inefficient, and often leaves vulnerable populations without access to necessary care.

The "Advantage" War against Medicare

In "The Advantage War against Medicare" section of Part 1 - How Bad Things Are in America, Thom Hartmann examines the ongoing battle between traditional Medicare and Medicare Advantage, a private insurance option offered by insurance companies as an alternative to traditional Medicare.

Hartmann argues that Medicare Advantage is a product of the insurance industry's effort to privatize Medicare and shift control of the program away from the government. He notes that Medicare Advantage plans receive a subsidy from the government that is, on average, 14% higher than the cost of traditional Medicare, which has resulted in the program's rapid growth.

Hartmann also highlights the challenges faced by seniors who choose to enroll in Medicare Advantage plans, including limited choice of doctors, higher out-of-pocket costs, and a lack of transparency around coverage options. He argues that insurance companies are incentivized to limit the care they provide to beneficiaries in order to maximize profits.

Hartmann also examines the role of the insurance industry in lobbying for the expansion of Medicare Advantage. He notes that the industry has spent millions of dollars on lobbying efforts and campaign contributions to push for policies that benefit their bottom line.

Despite the challenges faced by Medicare Advantage beneficiaries, Hartmann notes that the program has continued to grow, with more than one-third of Medicare beneficiaries currently enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan. He suggests that this growth is due in part to aggressive marketing tactics used by insurance companies, which often use deceptive practices to enroll seniors in their plans.

Overall, Hartmann argues that Medicare Advantage represents a dangerous shift toward the privatization of healthcare and a loss of control over the healthcare system. He suggests that policymakers should focus on strengthening traditional Medicare and expanding access to quality healthcare for all Americans, rather than promoting the interests of the insurance industry.

You Are Locked-in to Medicare Advantage

In the section "You Are Locked-in to Medicare Advantage" in Part 1 of "The Hidden History of American Healthcare", Thom Hartmann examines the problem of "lock-in" among Medicare Advantage beneficiaries. He argues that insurance companies use deceptive practices to lock in seniors to their plans, making it difficult for them to switch to traditional Medicare or other options.

Hartmann notes that Medicare Advantage plans are required to provide the same benefits as traditional Medicare, but often have different rules and restrictions. For example, some plans require beneficiaries to choose a primary care physician and obtain referrals for specialist care, while others offer broader provider networks but charge higher co-pays.

The problem of lock-in arises because insurance companies are able to change the rules of their Medicare Advantage plans from year to year. Hartmann notes that many beneficiaries are not aware of these changes or do not fully understand the implications, and may find themselves locked in to a plan that no longer meets their needs.

Hartmann also examines the role of insurance brokers in promoting Medicare Advantage plans and locking in beneficiaries. He notes that brokers receive commissions from insurance companies for enrolling seniors in their plans, which creates a conflict of interest and may lead to biased advice.

Hartmann suggests that the solution to the problem of lock-in is to provide seniors with more information and choice. He argues that policymakers should require insurance companies to provide clear and transparent information about their plans, including any changes to benefits or rules, and should make it easier for seniors to switch plans if they are not satisfied.

Overall, Hartmann's analysis highlights the risks of Medicare Advantage plans and the need for greater transparency and accountability in the healthcare system. He argues that the interests of seniors should come first, and that policymakers should focus on ensuring that all Americans have access to quality, affordable healthcare.

Rick Scott Killed Charlene Dill

In the section "Rick Scott Killed Charlene Dill" in Part 1 of "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann examines the case of Charlene Dill, a Florida woman who died after being denied coverage for a liver transplant by her insurance company. Hartmann argues that the policies advocated by former Florida governor Rick Scott, who was the CEO of the company that denied Dill's claim, contributed to her death and to the larger problem of healthcare inequality in the United States.

Hartmann explains that Scott's company, Columbia/HCA, was fined $1.7 billion for Medicare and Medicaid fraud in 2000, the largest healthcare fraud settlement in U.S. history. Despite this, Scott was able to use his personal fortune to fund his successful campaign for governor in 2010, where he continued to advocate for policies that benefited the healthcare industry at the expense of ordinary Americans.

Hartmann argues that Dill's case is a tragic example of these policies in action. Dill was denied coverage for a liver transplant by her insurance company, which cited a lack of medical necessity. Despite appeals and efforts to raise funds for the transplant, Dill ultimately died without receiving the care she needed.

Hartmann suggests that the problem of healthcare inequality in the United States is not a matter of individual choices or behaviors, but rather a systemic problem that requires systemic solutions. He argues that policies like Medicare for All, which would guarantee universal coverage and eliminate the profit motive from healthcare, are necessary to ensure that no one else suffers the same fate as Charlene Dill.

Hartmann also examines the role of the media in shaping public perception of healthcare policy. He notes that the mainstream media often frames healthcare debates in terms of "personal responsibility" and "choice," which obscures the larger structural issues at play. Hartmann argues that it is essential for journalists and media outlets to provide accurate and in-depth coverage of healthcare policy, and to hold politicians and industry leaders accountable for their actions.

Overall, Hartmann's analysis of the Charlene Dill case highlights the urgent need for healthcare reform in the United States. He argues that policies like Medicare for All are not only morally necessary, but also economically and socially beneficial, as they would ensure that all Americans have access to the care they need without bankrupting themselves or suffering from insurance company denials.

Work to Live, or Live to Work?

In this section of the book, Thom Hartmann discusses the issue of work-life balance in America and how it relates to healthcare. Hartmann argues that the American healthcare system is not designed to support the idea of work-life balance, which is an essential component of a healthy society.

He points out that many Americans are working longer hours and taking fewer vacations compared to other developed countries. This lack of work-life balance is not only detrimental to individuals' health but also to the economy. It creates a vicious cycle where people get sick, take time off work, and then struggle to pay for medical bills.

Moreover, Hartmann explains that the link between health insurance and employment in the US further exacerbates this problem. Many Americans are afraid to leave their jobs, even if they are unhappy or overworked, because they would lose their health insurance. This creates a situation where people are forced to sacrifice their well-being for the sake of job security.

Hartmann argues that this situation is not inevitable and can be changed. He advocates for a universal healthcare system, where everyone is covered regardless of their employment status. This, he argues, would not only improve access to healthcare but also give people the freedom to choose jobs based on factors other than health insurance benefits.

Furthermore, Hartmann discusses the role of unions in advocating for better working conditions and healthcare benefits. He points out that unions have been instrumental in securing healthcare benefits for workers in the past, and they continue to fight for these rights today. However, he also acknowledges that unions' power has declined in recent years, which has made it more challenging to advocate for better healthcare benefits for workers.

Overall, Hartmann argues that work-life balance is a crucial component of a healthy society and that the current healthcare system in the US is not designed to support this. He believes that a universal healthcare system would be a significant step in the right direction and that unions can play a vital role in advocating for better healthcare benefits for workers.

Part 2 - The Origins of America's Sickness-for-Profit System

Germany Gets the World's First Single-Payer System in 1884

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann explores the origins of the for-profit healthcare system in America, tracing it back to the Gilded Age in the late 19th century. In Part 2 of the book, Hartmann looks at the single-payer healthcare system implemented in Germany in 1884 and its influence on the American healthcare system.

In the late 19th century, Germany was facing a healthcare crisis. People were living in crowded conditions and disease was spreading rapidly. The government recognized that the only way to improve public health was to provide universal healthcare coverage, and in 1884, Germany became the first country in the world to implement a single-payer healthcare system.

Under the new system, all citizens were required to pay a small fee into a national health insurance fund. This fund was then used to provide medical care to all citizens, regardless of their income or social status. Doctors and hospitals were also required to participate in the system, and the government set the fees they could charge for their services.

The German system was a huge success. Within a few years, the number of people seeking medical care had increased dramatically, and the country's overall health improved significantly. The system also had the added benefit of stabilizing the economy, as workers were able to receive medical care without fear of bankruptcy.

The German model quickly caught the attention of other countries, including the United States. However, in America, the healthcare industry was still in its infancy, and the idea of a national healthcare system was met with resistance. The American Medical Association (AMA) lobbied against the idea, claiming that it would lead to government interference in healthcare and lower quality of care.

Despite the opposition, some American politicians saw the benefits of a single-payer healthcare system. In 1912, presidential candidate Theodore Roosevelt proposed a national health insurance program, but his campaign was unsuccessful. It wasn't until the 1930s, during the Great Depression, that President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act, which included provisions for a national health insurance program.

However, the program was never implemented, as it faced opposition from the AMA and conservative politicians. Instead, a patchwork system of private insurance, employer-based coverage, and government programs like Medicare and Medicaid emerged, leading to the complex and expensive healthcare system that exists in America today.

In conclusion, Hartmann argues that the origins of America's for-profit healthcare system can be traced back to the Gilded Age, when the AMA and other powerful interests lobbied against a national healthcare system. Meanwhile, other countries, like Germany, were able to implement successful single-payer systems that provided affordable, quality healthcare to all citizens. The American healthcare system remains one of the most expensive and least effective in the developed world, and Hartmann suggests that a return to the single-payer model could be the solution to the country's healthcare crisis.

America, the Land of the Sick

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann explores the origins of the for-profit healthcare system in America and how it has contributed to the country's current healthcare crisis. In Part 2 of the book, Hartmann looks at the state of healthcare in America today, which he describes as "America, the Land of the Sick."

Hartmann begins by highlighting the shocking statistics that illustrate the dire state of healthcare in America. Despite spending more on healthcare per capita than any other developed country, America ranks near the bottom in terms of health outcomes. Life expectancy is lower than in other developed countries, and chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease are on the rise.

One of the main reasons for this, according to Hartmann, is the for-profit nature of the American healthcare system. Unlike in other developed countries, where healthcare is considered a public good and provided to all citizens through a single-payer system, in America, healthcare is a commodity that is bought and sold on the free market.

This has led to a system that prioritizes profit over patient care. Insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, and other healthcare corporations are focused on maximizing their profits, often at the expense of patients. For example, insurance companies may deny coverage for necessary treatments or procedures in order to cut costs, and pharmaceutical companies may charge exorbitant prices for life-saving drugs.

Hartmann also points out that the American healthcare system is plagued by inefficiencies and waste. Administrative costs are much higher in America than in other countries, as insurance companies and other entities add unnecessary layers of bureaucracy to the system. Additionally, the lack of a single-payer system means that there is no coordinated approach to healthcare, leading to duplication of services and higher costs.

Another issue with the American healthcare system is the lack of access to care. Millions of Americans are uninsured or underinsured, meaning they cannot afford to seek medical care when they need it. This often leads to people delaying or forgoing necessary treatment, which can result in more serious health problems down the line.

Hartmann argues that the only way to fix the American healthcare system is to move away from the for-profit model and towards a single-payer system. This would ensure that all Americans have access to quality healthcare, regardless of their income or social status. He points out that other countries, like Canada and the United Kingdom, have successfully implemented single-payer systems that provide affordable, high-quality healthcare to all citizens.

In conclusion, Hartmann paints a grim picture of the state of healthcare in America today, highlighting the problems caused by the for-profit nature of the system. He argues that a single-payer system is the only solution to the country's healthcare crisis, and points to other countries that have successfully implemented such systems as examples to follow.

Frederick Ludwig Hoffman Makes a Discovery

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann delves into the origins of the for-profit healthcare system in America and how it has contributed to the country's current healthcare crisis. In Part 2 of the book, Hartmann explores the work of Frederick Ludwig Hoffman, a statistician who uncovered a disturbing trend in American healthcare in the early 20th century.

Hoffman worked for the Prudential Life Insurance Company, where he analyzed data on the health of policyholders. He found that Americans were dying at much younger ages than their counterparts in other developed countries, and that chronic diseases like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes were on the rise.

Hoffman's research was groundbreaking, and it challenged the prevailing view at the time that America was a land of health and vigor. Instead, Hoffman's data painted a picture of a country in the grip of a growing health crisis.

Hartmann argues that Hoffman's findings were largely ignored by policymakers and the public, who were more focused on promoting the idea of American exceptionalism than addressing the serious health problems facing the country.

Additionally, Hartmann notes that Hoffman's research was at odds with the interests of the healthcare industry, which was focused on maximizing profits rather than improving public health. The healthcare industry had a vested interest in promoting the idea that America was a healthy country, as this would help to sell more healthcare products and services.

As a result, Hartmann argues, the healthcare industry actively worked to suppress Hoffman's research and discredit his findings. This was done through a variety of means, including attacking Hoffman's methods, questioning his credentials, and even accusing him of being a socialist.

Hartmann goes on to explain how the for-profit nature of the American healthcare system has contributed to the country's ongoing health crisis. Unlike in other developed countries, where healthcare is considered a public good and provided to all citizens through a single-payer system, in America, healthcare is a commodity that is bought and sold on the free market.

In conclusion, Hartmann highlights the groundbreaking work of Frederick Ludwig Hoffman, whose research uncovered a growing health crisis in America in the early 20th century. Despite the importance of his findings, Hoffman's work was largely ignored by policymakers and the public, and actively suppressed by the healthcare industry. Hartmann argues that the for-profit nature of the American healthcare system has contributed to the ongoing health crisis in the country, and that a single-payer system is the only solution to the problem.

Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann explores the origins of the for-profit healthcare system in America and its impact on marginalized communities. In Part 2 of the book, Hartmann examines the work of Dr. Nathan E. Brill, a physician and eugenicist who used science to justify racism and discrimination in healthcare.

Brill was a leading figure in the eugenics movement, which sought to improve the genetic makeup of the human population by promoting selective breeding and sterilization of those deemed "unfit." He believed that certain races and ethnic groups were inherently inferior and prone to disease, and that it was the role of medicine to help prevent the spread of these traits.

In his 1910 book "Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro," Brill argued that Black people were biologically inferior to white people and were predisposed to certain diseases like tuberculosis and syphilis. He claimed that these "racial traits" were responsible for the high rates of illness and death among Black Americans.

Hartmann notes that Brill's work was widely accepted by the medical establishment and helped to justify discriminatory policies in healthcare, such as the segregation of hospitals and the denial of medical treatment to Black patients.

Moreover, Brill's work was not just limited to healthcare, but was also used to justify discriminatory practices in other areas of society, such as education, housing, and employment. The eugenics movement was influential in shaping public policy in the early 20th century, and its legacy can still be seen today in the persistence of systemic racism and inequality.

Hartmann argues that the for-profit nature of the American healthcare system has further exacerbated these inequalities, as marginalized communities are often underserved and lack access to quality healthcare. Insurance companies and healthcare providers are more concerned with maximizing profits than providing care to those who need it most, which has led to a system that prioritizes the needs of the wealthy and powerful over the needs of the poor and marginalized.

To address these issues, Hartmann advocates for a single-payer healthcare system that provides universal coverage and eliminates the profit motive from healthcare. This would ensure that all Americans, regardless of their race, income, or social status, have access to quality healthcare that meets their needs.

In conclusion, Hartmann's analysis of Brill's work highlights the ways in which science has been used to justify racism and discrimination in healthcare. Brill's belief in the inherent inferiority of Black people was used to justify discriminatory policies and practices that continue to have a profound impact on marginalized communities today. The for-profit nature of the American healthcare system has only served to exacerbate these inequalities, and Hartmann argues that a single-payer system is necessary to ensure that all Americans have access to quality healthcare that meets their needs.

From Scientific Racism to Libertarianism

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann explores the origins of the for-profit healthcare system in America and its impact on marginalized communities. In Part 2 of the book, Hartmann examines the evolution of the healthcare system from the era of scientific racism to the rise of libertarianism in the late 20th century.

Hartmann notes that the scientific racism of the early 20th century, which was used to justify discriminatory policies in healthcare and other areas of society, gave way to a more market-based approach to healthcare in the mid-20th century. This shift was fueled by the rise of libertarianism, which held that the free market should dictate all aspects of society, including healthcare.

The libertarian movement gained momentum in the 1960s and 1970s, fueled by the writings of thinkers like Ayn Rand and Milton Friedman. These thinkers argued that government intervention in the economy was inherently harmful and that the free market was the most efficient way to allocate resources.

Hartmann argues that this ideology has had a profound impact on the healthcare system in America, as insurance companies and healthcare providers have become more concerned with maximizing profits than providing care to those who need it most. This has led to a system that prioritizes the needs of the wealthy and powerful over the needs of the poor and marginalized.

Moreover, Hartmann notes that the rise of libertarianism has also led to a decline in public health infrastructure and a lack of investment in preventative care. This has made it more difficult for Americans to access the care they need, particularly in underserved communities.

Hartmann argues that a single-payer healthcare system is necessary to address these issues and ensure that all Americans have access to quality healthcare. Such a system would eliminate the profit motive from healthcare and prioritize the needs of patients over the needs of corporations.

In conclusion, Hartmann's analysis of the shift from scientific racism to libertarianism in the healthcare system highlights the ways in which ideology and politics have influenced the provision of healthcare in America. The rise of libertarianism has led to a system that prioritizes the needs of corporations over the needs of patients, exacerbating existing inequalities in healthcare. Hartmann argues that a single-payer system is necessary to address these issues and ensure that all Americans have access to quality healthcare.

New York Shakes Up the Insurance Industry

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann delves into the history of the for-profit healthcare system in America and its impact on marginalized communities. Part 2 of the book explores the evolution of the healthcare system, including the role of the insurance industry. In this section, Hartmann examines the efforts of New York state to shake up the insurance industry in the mid-20th century.

In the 1940s and 1950s, the insurance industry was dominated by a few large companies that controlled prices and limited competition. The industry was largely unregulated, leading to abuses and discrimination against marginalized communities. In New York state, however, policymakers and activists began to push for reforms that would make healthcare more accessible and affordable.

One of the key figures in this effort was Dr. Michael M. Davis, a public health expert who worked with labor unions and other organizations to promote healthcare reform. Davis believed that healthcare was a fundamental right and that the insurance industry was failing to meet the needs of ordinary Americans.

In 1949, New York state passed the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Act, which allowed nonprofit organizations to provide healthcare services to their members. This was a major step towards creating a more equitable and accessible healthcare system, as it allowed individuals and families to receive care without having to pay exorbitant fees to for-profit insurance companies.

In the following years, other states followed New York's lead and passed similar laws to encourage the creation of nonprofit healthcare providers. These organizations, which were often community-based and focused on preventative care, provided a more affordable and effective alternative to traditional insurance companies.

However, Hartmann notes that the insurance industry fought back against these reforms, using their political power to block further progress towards a more equitable healthcare system. Insurance companies lobbied against single-payer proposals and used scare tactics to convince Americans that a government-run healthcare system would be disastrous.

Despite these efforts, Hartmann argues that the legacy of New York's HMO Act lives on today in the form of nonprofit healthcare providers like Kaiser Permanente and the Group Health Cooperative. These organizations have provided quality, affordable care to millions of Americans and have shown that a different kind of healthcare system is possible.

In conclusion, Hartmann's analysis of New York's efforts to reform the insurance industry highlights the ways in which activism and policymaking can create a more equitable healthcare system. By promoting nonprofit healthcare providers and challenging the power of the insurance industry, New York state paved the way for future reforms that could make healthcare more accessible and affordable for all Americans. Despite the ongoing challenges posed by the for-profit healthcare system, Hartmann argues that the legacy of New York's HMO Act provides hope for a better future.

From Scientific Racism to "No Compulsory Healthcare!"

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann explores the history of healthcare in America and how it has been shaped by political and economic interests. Part 2 of the book delves into the origins of America's for-profit healthcare system, including the role of racism and libertarianism. In this section, Hartmann examines the impact of these ideologies on healthcare policy in the late 20th century.

In the mid-20th century, the civil rights movement and the rise of scientific racism intersected with the emergence of libertarianism, creating a complex and contradictory political landscape. On the one hand, civil rights activists pushed for healthcare reform and the recognition of healthcare as a basic human right. On the other hand, libertarian ideologues saw healthcare as an individual responsibility and opposed any form of government intervention in the healthcare system.

One of the key figures in this debate was the economist Milton Friedman, who argued that government intervention in the healthcare system would only make things worse. Friedman believed that the market was the best way to allocate resources and that competition would drive down prices and improve quality.

However, as Hartmann notes, the reality of the for-profit healthcare system has been very different. Rather than driving down prices and improving quality, the market has led to skyrocketing costs and widespread disparities in access to care. In particular, marginalized communities have been disproportionately impacted by the for-profit healthcare system, as they often lack the resources to pay for care or to advocate for their own healthcare needs.

Hartmann argues that the rise of libertarianism in the late 20th century was a major setback for healthcare reform in America. By opposing any form of government intervention in the healthcare system, libertarian ideologues made it difficult to pass meaningful reforms that could improve access to care for all Americans.

Despite these challenges, Hartmann notes that activists and policymakers have continued to fight for healthcare reform in America. From the Affordable Care Act to the push for Medicare for All, there have been ongoing efforts to create a more equitable and accessible healthcare system.

In conclusion, Hartmann's analysis of the impact of libertarianism on healthcare policy in America highlights the need for a more holistic and compassionate approach to healthcare. Rather than relying solely on market forces, policymakers must recognize the fundamental human right to healthcare and work to create a system that is accessible, affordable, and effective for all Americans. By understanding the history of America's for-profit healthcare system, we can begin to chart a new path forward towards a more just and equitable future.

Prudential Helps Kill America's First Healthcare-for-All Campaign

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann explores the origins of America's for-profit healthcare system and the role of various actors in shaping it. Part 2 of the book focuses on the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the United States began to develop its modern healthcare system. In this section, Hartmann examines the role of Prudential Insurance in helping to defeat America's first healthcare-for-all campaign.

In the early 20th century, there was growing recognition that healthcare was a basic human right and that the government had a responsibility to ensure that all Americans had access to affordable, high-quality healthcare. In 1915, a group of physicians and labor activists formed the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL) with the goal of creating a national healthcare system that would cover all Americans.

The AALL's proposal called for a national system of health insurance that would be funded by a combination of taxes and employer contributions. The system would be administered by the federal government and would cover all medical expenses, including hospitalization, surgery, and doctor visits.

Despite widespread public support for the AALL's proposal, it faced fierce opposition from the insurance industry, which saw it as a threat to their profits. In particular, Prudential Insurance launched a massive lobbying campaign to defeat the proposal, using its vast financial resources to influence lawmakers and the public.

Prudential's efforts were successful, and the AALL's proposal was ultimately defeated in Congress. Hartmann notes that this defeat had long-lasting consequences for healthcare in America, setting the stage for the for-profit healthcare system that exists today.

Hartmann argues that the defeat of the AALL's proposal was not simply a matter of economic interests, but also reflected deeper cultural and political values. In particular, he notes that the idea of individual responsibility has long been central to American identity, and that many Americans view healthcare as a personal responsibility rather than a collective one.

However, Hartmann also notes that this cultural belief is at odds with the reality of the healthcare system, which is often inaccessible and unaffordable for many Americans. He argues that the for-profit healthcare system is fundamentally incompatible with the values of a democratic society, and that a more collective and compassionate approach to healthcare is necessary to address the needs of all Americans.

In conclusion, Hartmann's analysis of the role of Prudential Insurance in defeating America's first healthcare-for-all campaign highlights the power of vested interests in shaping healthcare policy. Despite widespread public support for healthcare reform, the influence of the insurance industry and cultural values of individualism ultimately prevailed. By understanding the history of America's for-profit healthcare system, we can begin to chart a new path forward towards a more just and equitable future.

Part 3 - The Modern Fight for a Human Right to Healthcare

Is Healthcare a Right or a Privilege?

The section begins by examining the history of healthcare in the United States, where healthcare was originally provided by individual doctors and hospitals. It was not until the 1930s that health insurance started to become more widespread, but even then, it was limited to certain groups of people, such as those employed by large corporations. This led to a two-tiered system where those with health insurance had access to better care than those without.

Hartmann then explores the argument that healthcare is a privilege rather than a right. This argument suggests that people should be responsible for their own healthcare and that the government should not be involved. Proponents of this view argue that healthcare is not a right because it is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.

However, Hartmann argues that healthcare should be considered a right because it is a basic human need. He points out that many other countries have recognized this and have implemented universal healthcare systems that provide healthcare to all citizens. Hartmann also argues that healthcare is a right because it is necessary for people to live healthy and productive lives.

The section also discusses the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare, which was signed into law in 2010. The ACA aimed to expand access to healthcare by requiring individuals to have health insurance and by providing subsidies for those who could not afford it. While the ACA was a step in the right direction, Hartmann argues that it did not go far enough and that a universal healthcare system is still needed.

Hartmann goes on to discuss the role of the pharmaceutical industry in healthcare. He argues that the high cost of prescription drugs is a major barrier to access to healthcare, particularly for those who are uninsured or underinsured. Hartmann suggests that a universal healthcare system could help to address this problem by negotiating lower drug prices.

Finally, the section explores the current state of the fight for universal healthcare in the United States. Hartmann notes that there is growing support for a universal healthcare system, particularly among younger generations. He also discusses various proposals for universal healthcare, including Medicare for All, which would expand Medicare to cover all Americans.

Overall, the section on "Is Healthcare a Right or a Privilege?" in "The Hidden History of American Healthcare" provides a comprehensive overview of the debate surrounding healthcare in the United States. Hartmann makes a compelling argument for healthcare as a basic human right and highlights the shortcomings of the current healthcare system. The section also provides insight into the current state of the fight for universal healthcare and the various proposals being considered.

Why Social Security Doesn't Already Include a Right to Healthcare

Thom Hartmann's book "The Hidden History of American Healthcare" explores the history of healthcare in the United States and the fight for a universal healthcare system. Part 3 of the book, titled "The Modern Fight for a Human Right to Healthcare," focuses on the obstacles that have prevented healthcare from being recognized as a right in the United States. One of the major obstacles discussed in the section "Why Social Security Doesn't Already Include a Right to Healthcare" is the lack of political will to make healthcare a right.

Hartmann begins the section by exploring the history of Social Security in the United States. Social Security was originally designed to provide financial support for retirees, but over time it has expanded to include other benefits, such as disability payments and survivor benefits. However, healthcare has never been included as part of Social Security, despite the fact that it is a basic human need.

Hartmann suggests that the reason healthcare has not been included in Social Security is due to a lack of political will. He argues that politicians have been reluctant to support a universal healthcare system because of pressure from the healthcare industry, which has a vested interest in maintaining the current system.

Hartmann also notes that there has been a lack of public pressure to make healthcare a right. He suggests that this is due in part to the way that healthcare is discussed in the media. Instead of framing healthcare as a basic human need, it is often framed as a commodity that people can choose to buy or not buy. This framing obscures the fact that many people cannot afford to buy healthcare, and it ignores the fact that healthcare is necessary for people to live healthy and productive lives.

The section also explores the political obstacles to making healthcare a right. Hartmann notes that many politicians have been hesitant to support a universal healthcare system because they fear it will be seen as socialist or communist. He argues that this fear is unfounded, as many other countries have implemented universal healthcare systems without becoming socialist or communist.

Hartmann suggests that the lack of political will to make healthcare a right is due in part to a lack of understanding of what it means to be a human right. He notes that many people view rights as something that the government gives to individuals, rather than something that individuals inherently possess. This view is problematic because it suggests that the government can take away rights at any time.

Finally, the section explores the role of grassroots activism in the fight for a right to healthcare. Hartmann notes that there have been many grassroots movements throughout history that have successfully fought for human rights, including the civil rights movement and the women's suffrage movement. He suggests that a similar grassroots movement is needed to make healthcare a right in the United States.

Overall, the section on "Why Social Security Doesn't Already Include a Right to Healthcare" in "The Hidden History of American Healthcare" provides a detailed analysis of the political and social obstacles that have prevented healthcare from being recognized as a right in the United States. Hartmann suggests that a lack of political will, a lack of understanding of what it means to be a human right, and a lack of public pressure are all contributing factors. However, he also suggests that grassroots activism has the potential to overcome these obstacles and make healthcare a right for all Americans.

Healthcare to Defeat Fascism

Thom Hartmann's book "The Hidden History of American Healthcare" explores the history of healthcare in the United States and the fight for a universal healthcare system. Part 3 of the book, titled "The Modern Fight for a Human Right to Healthcare," focuses on the obstacles that have prevented healthcare from being recognized as a right in the United States. One of the major themes discussed in the section "Healthcare to Defeat Fascism" is the importance of healthcare in protecting democracy and defeating fascism.

Hartmann begins the section by exploring the role of healthcare in the fight against fascism. He notes that many of the fascist regimes in history, including Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, used healthcare as a tool of oppression. Healthcare was often used to identify and isolate people who were deemed to be undesirable, such as Jews, Roma, and LGBTQ+ individuals. Hartmann argues that a strong healthcare system is essential in protecting against the rise of fascism, as it ensures that all people are treated with dignity and respect.

Hartmann also notes that the fight for healthcare is closely tied to the fight for democracy. He suggests that a universal healthcare system is essential in protecting the democratic values of equality and justice. Healthcare ensures that all people have access to the resources they need to live healthy and productive lives, which is a fundamental aspect of democracy.

The section also explores the role of the healthcare industry in perpetuating inequality. Hartmann notes that the healthcare industry in the United States is driven by profit, which has resulted in a system that prioritizes the needs of corporations over the needs of patients. This has resulted in a healthcare system that is both inefficient and ineffective. Hartmann argues that a universal healthcare system is essential in breaking the stranglehold that the healthcare industry has on the political system.

Hartmann suggests that a universal healthcare system is not only necessary for protecting democracy, but also for improving economic stability. He notes that a universal healthcare system would help to reduce the financial burden on families, which would in turn help to stimulate economic growth. A universal healthcare system would also help to reduce the financial burden on businesses, which would help to make American businesses more competitive in the global marketplace.

Finally, the section explores the role of grassroots activism in the fight for a right to healthcare. Hartmann notes that there have been many successful grassroots movements throughout history, including the civil rights movement and the women's suffrage movement. He suggests that a similar grassroots movement is needed to make healthcare a right in the United States. Hartmann argues that a universal healthcare system is essential in protecting democracy, defeating fascism, and promoting economic stability.

Overall, the section on "Healthcare to Defeat Fascism" in "The Hidden History of American Healthcare" provides a compelling argument for why healthcare is essential in protecting democracy and defeating fascism. Hartmann suggests that a universal healthcare system is necessary in breaking the stranglehold that the healthcare industry has on the political system and ensuring that all people are treated with dignity and respect. He also suggests that grassroots activism has the potential to overcome the obstacles that have prevented healthcare from being recognized as a right in the United States.

The Beveridge Report: The British Plan for Defense and Welfare

In Part 3 of "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," titled "The Modern Fight for a Human Right to Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann explores the history of the fight for universal healthcare in the United States. One of the key themes in this section is the role of the Beveridge Report in the British healthcare system and how it influenced the debate around healthcare in the United States.

The Beveridge Report was a plan for social reform that was developed in Britain during World War II by William Beveridge. The report outlined a system for providing universal healthcare to all citizens, along with a comprehensive system of social welfare programs. The Beveridge Report became the foundation for the British welfare state, which included a universal healthcare system that provided free healthcare to all citizens.

Hartmann notes that the Beveridge Report was influential in shaping the debate around healthcare in the United States. Many advocates for universal healthcare in the United States looked to the British system as a model for how to provide affordable and accessible healthcare to all citizens. However, opponents of universal healthcare in the United States argued that the British system was overly bureaucratic and inefficient.

Despite the opposition, the Beveridge Report had a significant impact on the development of the American healthcare system. Hartmann notes that the report helped to shift the debate around healthcare in the United States from a focus on individual responsibility to a focus on collective responsibility. The report also helped to popularize the idea that healthcare is a basic human right that should be guaranteed to all citizens.

Hartmann notes that the Beveridge Report was not without its flaws. For example, the British healthcare system was criticized for being too centralized and bureaucratic, which led to long waiting times for some procedures. However, Hartmann argues that the flaws in the British system should not detract from the fact that it provided universal healthcare to all citizens, regardless of their ability to pay.

Overall, the Beveridge Report was a significant moment in the history of healthcare in the United Kingdom and had a significant impact on the debate around healthcare in the United States. Hartmann suggests that the report helped to popularize the idea that healthcare is a basic human right and that it should be provided to all citizens, regardless of their ability to pay. Despite its flaws, the British healthcare system provided a model for how a universal healthcare system could work in the United States, and it continues to inspire advocates for healthcare reform today.

How Canada Won a Right to Healthcare

In Part 3 of "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann examines how Canada won the right to healthcare, which has become a model for universal healthcare systems around the world. Hartmann argues that Canada's success in establishing a universal healthcare system is due to its unique political and social history, as well as the tireless efforts of its healthcare activists.

Hartmann begins by noting that prior to the establishment of universal healthcare in Canada, healthcare was largely delivered by private providers and insurance companies. In the 1940s, Canadian healthcare activists began calling for a national healthcare system that would provide equal access to healthcare for all citizens, regardless of their ability to pay.

The first step towards achieving this goal was the establishment of hospital insurance plans in several Canadian provinces in the 1950s. These plans provided coverage for hospital stays, but did not cover other healthcare services. In the 1960s, the federal government began to provide funding for these hospital insurance plans, and also began to provide funding for new public healthcare programs, such as Medicare.

Hartmann notes that the establishment of these programs was not without controversy. Private insurance companies and healthcare providers opposed the expansion of public healthcare, arguing that it would lead to lower quality care and longer wait times for patients. However, the Canadian public was largely supportive of universal healthcare, and in 1966, the Canadian government passed the Medical Care Act, which provided for the establishment of a national healthcare system.

Hartmann argues that the success of Canada's healthcare system can be attributed to several factors. First, Canada has a strong tradition of social democracy, which places a high value on the collective welfare of all citizens. Second, Canada has a highly educated and politically engaged population, which has been able to push for change and hold its leaders accountable. Finally, Canada's healthcare activists have been able to build broad-based coalitions of support for universal healthcare, including labor unions, churches, and other community organizations.

Despite its successes, Canada's healthcare system has faced challenges in recent years, including long wait times for certain procedures and a shortage of healthcare providers in some areas. However, Hartmann argues that these challenges should not detract from the fact that Canada has been able to provide universal healthcare to its citizens for over half a century.

In conclusion, Hartmann suggests that the Canadian healthcare system provides a model for how a universal healthcare system can be established and sustained. While there are certainly challenges to providing affordable and accessible healthcare to all citizens, Canada has shown that it is possible to create a system that puts the needs of patients first. As the United States continues to grapple with healthcare reform, Hartmann suggests that it could benefit from looking to Canada as a source of inspiration and guidance.

LBJ Takes It to Reagan and the Doctors

In Part 3 of "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann examines how President Lyndon B. Johnson attempted to push for universal healthcare in the United States during the 1960s. Despite facing opposition from doctors, insurance companies, and conservative politicians, Johnson believed that healthcare was a fundamental right that should be guaranteed to all citizens.

Hartmann notes that during the 1960s, healthcare in the United States was largely delivered by private providers and insurance companies. The federal government provided funding for healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, but these programs only covered certain groups of people, such as the elderly and the poor.

In 1965, Johnson signed the Medicare and Medicaid programs into law, which provided healthcare coverage for millions of Americans. However, Johnson was also interested in pursuing a more comprehensive healthcare program that would cover all citizens, regardless of their age or income level.

Hartmann notes that Johnson faced fierce opposition to his proposed universal healthcare program, particularly from doctors and insurance companies who feared that it would lead to lower profits and increased government control over the healthcare industry. Conservative politicians, including future President Ronald Reagan, also opposed the program, arguing that it would be too costly and would lead to a decline in the quality of care.

Despite these challenges, Johnson remained committed to his vision of universal healthcare. He argued that healthcare was a basic human right, and that the United States had a moral obligation to provide affordable and accessible healthcare to all citizens.

Hartmann notes that while Johnson was ultimately unable to achieve his goal of universal healthcare, his efforts paved the way for future healthcare reform efforts. In particular, the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid provided a framework for expanding healthcare coverage to more Americans.

Today, the United States continues to grapple with healthcare reform, with many activists and politicians calling for the establishment of a universal healthcare system. Hartmann suggests that Johnson's efforts provide a valuable lesson for those who are fighting for healthcare reform today: that change is possible, but it requires persistence and a commitment to the idea that healthcare is a fundamental human right.

Medicare: America's Most Successful Racial Integration Program

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann explores how Medicare, the healthcare program for Americans over the age of 65, became one of the most successful integration programs in American history.

Hartmann notes that prior to the establishment of Medicare in 1965, healthcare was largely segregated in the United States. African Americans and other people of color often received lower quality healthcare than white Americans, and were frequently denied access to hospitals and other healthcare facilities.

However, the establishment of Medicare helped to change this. Hartmann notes that Medicare was designed as a universal healthcare program that was available to all Americans over the age of 65, regardless of their race or income level. This meant that African Americans, who were more likely to be poor and uninsured, were able to access healthcare services that they had previously been denied.

Hartmann argues that Medicare played a significant role in integrating American hospitals and other healthcare facilities. He notes that prior to the establishment of Medicare, hospitals were often segregated, with separate wings or floors for African American patients. However, once Medicare was established, hospitals were required to accept Medicare patients regardless of their race or ethnicity.

Hartmann also notes that the establishment of Medicare helped to provide better healthcare for all Americans over the age of 65, regardless of their race. Prior to Medicare, many elderly Americans were unable to afford healthcare services, and were forced to rely on charity or go without treatment. Medicare helped to ensure that all elderly Americans had access to healthcare, regardless of their income level.

Overall, Hartmann suggests that Medicare was one of the most successful integration programs in American history, and played a significant role in advancing civil rights for African Americans and other people of color. He notes that while there is still work to be done to ensure that all Americans have access to high-quality healthcare, Medicare provides a model for how universal healthcare programs can help to promote equity and justice in healthcare.

Medicare "Inspectors" Defeat Goldwater's Racists

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann discusses how Medicare inspectors played a key role in defeating efforts by conservative politicians to undermine the program and maintain segregation in American healthcare.

Hartmann notes that after Medicare was established in 1965, conservative politicians, including Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater, sought to undermine the program by accusing it of promoting socialism and attacking it as a threat to freedom. Some conservative politicians even suggested that Medicare was a plot to provide healthcare to African Americans and other people of color at the expense of white Americans.

To combat these attacks, Medicare inspectors were tasked with ensuring that healthcare providers were following the program's rules and providing high-quality care to all Medicare patients, regardless of their race or ethnicity. These inspectors were trained to look for signs of discrimination and segregation in healthcare facilities, and to report any violations to federal authorities.

Hartmann notes that Medicare inspectors played a crucial role in exposing and ending segregation in American hospitals and other healthcare facilities. By enforcing the program's rules and holding healthcare providers accountable for providing equal access to care, Medicare inspectors helped to ensure that African Americans and other people of color were able to receive high-quality healthcare services.

Hartmann also notes that the efforts of Medicare inspectors helped to advance civil rights in the United States. By exposing and ending segregation in healthcare, Medicare inspectors helped to pave the way for other civil rights advances, including the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Overall, Hartmann suggests that Medicare inspectors played a vital role in protecting the program from attacks by conservative politicians, and in promoting equity and justice in American healthcare. He notes that while there is still work to be done to ensure that all Americans have access to high-quality healthcare, Medicare inspectors provide a powerful example of how government regulation and oversight can help to promote the common good and protect the rights of all citizens.

Medicare Ends Segregation in America's Hospitals

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann explores how the Medicare program played a critical role in ending segregation in American hospitals and healthcare facilities. Medicare, which was established in 1965, was designed to provide access to healthcare services for elderly Americans and others who were unable to afford medical care.

At the time, many hospitals and healthcare facilities in the United States were racially segregated, with separate wards and treatment areas for white and Black patients. This segregation was enforced by state and local laws, as well as by the policies and practices of hospitals themselves.

To combat this segregation, Medicare implemented a policy of nondiscrimination in healthcare facilities that received federal funding through the program. This policy required healthcare providers to provide equal access to care for all Medicare patients, regardless of their race or ethnicity.

As a result of this policy, Medicare played a critical role in ending segregation in American hospitals. Hospitals that received federal funding through Medicare were required to integrate their facilities and provide equal access to care for all patients. This policy helped to break down the barriers that had long prevented African Americans and other people of color from accessing high-quality healthcare services.

Hartmann notes that Medicare's policy of nondiscrimination was not always popular or well-received, particularly in the southern United States. Some hospitals and healthcare providers resisted integration and attempted to find ways to circumvent Medicare's rules.

Despite these challenges, however, Medicare's policy of nondiscrimination ultimately proved successful in ending segregation in American hospitals. By enforcing the program's rules and holding healthcare providers accountable for providing equal access to care, Medicare helped to promote equity and justice in American healthcare.

Hartmann also notes that Medicare's role in ending segregation in healthcare paved the way for other civil rights advances, including the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Medicare's policy of nondiscrimination helped to demonstrate that government regulation and oversight can be powerful tools for promoting equality and justice.

Overall, Hartmann suggests that Medicare's policy of nondiscrimination was a critical step in the fight for a human right to healthcare in the United States. By ending segregation in American hospitals and promoting equal access to care for all patients, Medicare helped to build a more just and equitable healthcare system for all Americans.

Ted Kennedy's Fight for Expansion

In "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," author Thom Hartmann explores the role that Senator Ted Kennedy played in the fight to expand access to healthcare for all Americans. Kennedy, who represented Massachusetts in the US Senate for nearly five decades, was a passionate advocate for healthcare reform throughout his career.

Kennedy's efforts to expand access to healthcare were motivated in part by his own personal experiences with illness and injury. He was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer in 1973, and later suffered a serious back injury in a plane crash in 1964. These experiences convinced Kennedy of the need for a healthcare system that provided affordable and high-quality care to all Americans.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Kennedy sponsored a series of bills aimed at expanding access to healthcare for all Americans. These bills included proposals to establish a national health insurance program, to provide coverage for catastrophic healthcare expenses, and to expand Medicaid to cover more low-income Americans.

Despite facing strong opposition from the healthcare industry and many conservative politicians, Kennedy continued to champion healthcare reform throughout his career. He worked tirelessly to build support for his proposals, and was able to achieve some significant victories, including the passage of the Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997.

Hartmann notes that Kennedy's efforts to expand access to healthcare were often motivated by a deep sense of moral obligation. He believed that access to healthcare was a basic human right, and that the government had a responsibility to ensure that all Americans had access to affordable and high-quality care.

Despite the many challenges he faced, Kennedy's legacy continues to inspire healthcare advocates and activists today. His tireless efforts to expand access to healthcare helped to lay the groundwork for the Affordable Care Act, which was signed into law in 2010 and expanded access to healthcare coverage for millions of Americans.

Overall, Hartmann suggests that Ted Kennedy's fight for healthcare reform was a critical chapter in the long and ongoing struggle for a human right to healthcare in the United States. Kennedy's efforts to expand access to healthcare helped to build a more just and equitable healthcare system for all Americans, and his legacy continues to inspire healthcare advocates and activists today.

Part 4 - Saving Lives with a Real Healthcare System

Undoing Reaganomics and Reducing Inequality Would Save Lives

In Part 4 of his book "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann argues that undoing the economic policies of the Reagan era and reducing inequality in America would significantly improve the nation's healthcare system and save countless lives.

Hartmann begins by discussing the impact of Reaganomics on the healthcare system. He explains that Reagan's economic policies, which favored the wealthy and corporations, led to cuts in government programs that provided healthcare to vulnerable populations. This included cuts to Medicaid, the government program that provides healthcare to low-income individuals and families, and the closure of many public hospitals. As a result, millions of Americans were left without access to affordable healthcare, which has led to countless deaths over the years.

Hartmann goes on to argue that reducing inequality in America would be a crucial step in improving the healthcare system. He notes that countries with lower levels of inequality, such as Canada and many European nations, have better healthcare outcomes than the United States. This is because more equal societies tend to invest more in healthcare and other social programs, which leads to better health outcomes for everyone.

To reduce inequality, Hartmann suggests a number of policy changes. These include raising the minimum wage, strengthening labor unions, increasing taxes on the wealthy, and investing in public education. He argues that these policies would help to create a more equal society where everyone has access to affordable healthcare.

Hartmann also discusses the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on the healthcare system. While the ACA helped to expand healthcare coverage to millions of Americans, Hartmann argues that it did not go far enough. He suggests that a single-payer healthcare system, similar to those in many other developed countries, would be the best way to ensure that all Americans have access to affordable healthcare.

Finally, Hartmann highlights the importance of addressing social determinants of health. These are the social and economic factors, such as poverty and discrimination, that can impact an individual's health outcomes. He argues that addressing these factors, such as by investing in affordable housing and improving access to healthy food, would be crucial in improving the overall health of Americans.

In conclusion, Hartmann argues that undoing the economic policies of the Reagan era, reducing inequality, implementing a single-payer healthcare system, and addressing social determinants of health would all be crucial steps in improving the American healthcare system and saving countless lives. He suggests that the United States should look to other developed countries, which have better healthcare outcomes, for guidance on how to achieve these goals.

Buy the Insurance Companies!

In Part 4 of his book "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann argues that buying out the private health insurance companies and transitioning to a single-payer healthcare system would be the best way to ensure that all Americans have access to affordable healthcare.

Hartmann begins by discussing the role of private health insurance companies in the American healthcare system. He explains that these companies are driven by profit, which often leads to them denying coverage to those who need it most. He notes that private health insurance companies also contribute to the high administrative costs of the American healthcare system, which in turn drives up the cost of healthcare for everyone.

To address these issues, Hartmann suggests buying out the private health insurance companies and transitioning to a single-payer healthcare system. He argues that a single-payer system, where the government pays for healthcare directly, would be more efficient and cost-effective than the current system. It would also ensure that everyone has access to healthcare, regardless of their ability to pay.

Hartmann notes that other developed countries, such as Canada and many European nations, have already implemented single-payer healthcare systems with great success. These systems have led to better health outcomes for everyone and have been shown to be more cost-effective than the American system.

To buy out the private health insurance companies, Hartmann suggests using a combination of government funds and public investment. He notes that the government could use its power to negotiate fair prices for buying out the insurance companies and could also offer incentives for private investors to support the transition to a single-payer system.

Hartmann also addresses concerns about the potential job losses that could result from the transition to a single-payer system. He suggests that the government could offer retraining programs and other support to help those who are impacted by the changes in the healthcare industry.

Finally, Hartmann notes that transitioning to a single-payer healthcare system would be a major step towards reducing inequality in America. He argues that everyone should have access to healthcare as a basic human right and that a single-payer system would help to ensure that this is the case.

In conclusion, Hartmann suggests that buying out the private health insurance companies and transitioning to a single-payer healthcare system would be the best way to ensure that all Americans have access to affordable healthcare. He notes that this would require a combination of government funds and public investment, but that the benefits of a single-payer system would be well worth the effort.

Medicare for All: The Losers

In Part 4 of his book "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann discusses the potential losers in the transition to a Medicare for All healthcare system in the United States.

Hartmann begins by acknowledging that the transition to a Medicare for All system would involve significant changes and disruption to the current healthcare industry. He notes that the insurance industry, pharmaceutical companies, and some healthcare providers would likely see a decrease in profits as a result of the transition.

However, Hartmann argues that these losses would be outweighed by the benefits of a Medicare for All system. He notes that everyone would have access to affordable healthcare, which would improve the overall health of the population and reduce healthcare costs over time.

Hartmann then goes on to address concerns about the potential job losses that could result from the transition to a Medicare for All system. He suggests that the government could provide support and retraining programs for those who are impacted by the changes in the healthcare industry.

Next, Hartmann discusses the potential impact on small businesses. He notes that many small businesses struggle to provide healthcare coverage for their employees, which puts them at a disadvantage compared to larger companies. A Medicare for All system would level the playing field and help small businesses compete more effectively.

Hartmann also addresses concerns about the potential tax increases that would be required to fund a Medicare for All system. He notes that while taxes would go up, most people would save money overall because they would no longer have to pay for private health insurance premiums, deductibles, and copays.

Finally, Hartmann discusses the potential impact on healthcare providers. He notes that while some healthcare providers may see a decrease in profits, others may benefit from the increased demand for healthcare services that would result from a Medicare for All system. He also suggests that the government could provide incentives for healthcare providers to participate in the new system.

In conclusion, Hartmann acknowledges that there would be some losers in the transition to a Medicare for All healthcare system in the United States. However, he argues that these losses would be outweighed by the benefits of a more efficient, cost-effective, and equitable healthcare system for everyone. He suggests that the government could provide support and incentives to help those who are impacted by the changes and that the overall impact of a Medicare for All system would be positive for the economy and the health of the population.

The Impact of Medicare for All on Business

In Part 4 of his book "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann discusses the potential impact of a Medicare for All healthcare system on businesses in the United States.

Hartmann begins by noting that healthcare costs are a major concern for many businesses, especially small businesses. He explains that the current healthcare system in the United States places a heavy burden on employers who are responsible for providing health insurance coverage for their employees.

Hartmann argues that a Medicare for All system would alleviate this burden by providing universal healthcare coverage, which would reduce healthcare costs for businesses and allow them to focus on other areas of their operations. He notes that this would be particularly beneficial for small businesses, which often struggle to provide healthcare coverage for their employees.

Hartmann also addresses concerns about the potential tax increases that would be required to fund a Medicare for All system. He notes that while taxes would go up, most businesses would save money overall because they would no longer have to pay for private health insurance premiums for their employees.

Hartmann suggests that a Medicare for All system would also have broader economic benefits. He explains that businesses would be more competitive globally if they didn't have to bear the high healthcare costs associated with the current system. This would lead to increased economic growth and job creation in the long run.

Furthermore, Hartmann notes that a Medicare for All system would reduce the administrative costs associated with the current system, which would benefit businesses of all sizes. He explains that the administrative costs associated with private health insurance companies and the complexity of the current system contribute to higher healthcare costs overall.

Hartmann also addresses concerns about the potential impact of a Medicare for All system on the pharmaceutical industry. He notes that while some pharmaceutical companies may see a decrease in profits, others may benefit from increased demand for their products as a result of universal healthcare coverage.

Finally, Hartmann suggests that a Medicare for All system would be more equitable for businesses and their employees. He notes that under the current system, some employees receive better healthcare coverage than others based on their employer's healthcare plan. A Medicare for All system would provide equal healthcare coverage for all employees, regardless of their employer.

In conclusion, Hartmann argues that a Medicare for All healthcare system would have a positive impact on businesses in the United States. It would alleviate the burden of healthcare costs for employers, particularly small businesses, and lead to increased economic growth and job creation. The administrative cost savings and increased access to healthcare would benefit businesses of all sizes. While there may be some challenges associated with the transition to a Medicare for All system, the overall benefits would outweigh the costs for businesses and their employees.

Want a Green New Deal? Get Medicare for All First

In Part 4 of "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann discusses the relationship between healthcare reform and the Green New Deal, arguing that Medicare for All is a necessary step in achieving the goals of the Green New Deal.

Hartmann begins by pointing out that healthcare and the environment are deeply connected. The same industries that contribute to environmental degradation, such as the fossil fuel industry, also contribute to health problems such as respiratory illness and cancer. Therefore, he argues that addressing healthcare and the environment together is crucial.

Hartmann suggests that a Medicare for All healthcare system would be a key component of a Green New Deal because it would enable people to access preventative care and treatment for illnesses related to environmental pollution. Additionally, a Medicare for All system would incentivize the development of more sustainable healthcare practices and reduce the carbon footprint of the healthcare industry.

Hartmann also argues that a Medicare for All system would help to address economic inequality, which is a key issue in both healthcare and environmental policy. He notes that low-income communities are often the most impacted by environmental degradation and also have the least access to quality healthcare. A Medicare for All system would provide universal healthcare coverage, reducing the healthcare disparities between different income groups.

Furthermore, Hartmann suggests that a Medicare for All system would be a critical step in addressing climate change by reducing the political power of the fossil fuel industry. The fossil fuel industry exerts significant political influence, in part through its control of the healthcare industry, and this power would be diminished with the implementation of a Medicare for All system.

Hartmann also addresses the potential costs of a Medicare for All system, arguing that the economic benefits of such a system would outweigh the costs. He notes that a Medicare for All system would reduce overall healthcare costs, as well as the administrative costs associated with the current system. Additionally, a healthier population would result in increased productivity and economic growth.

Finally, Hartmann emphasizes that a Medicare for All system is necessary to achieve the goals of the Green New Deal, as healthcare and the environment are deeply intertwined. He suggests that healthcare reform and environmental policy should be pursued in tandem in order to achieve a more equitable and sustainable future.

In conclusion, Hartmann argues that a Medicare for All healthcare system is a necessary step in achieving the goals of the Green New Deal. Healthcare and the environment are deeply connected, and a Medicare for All system would enable people to access preventative care and treatment for illnesses related to environmental pollution. Additionally, a Medicare for All system would help to address economic inequality and reduce the political power of the fossil fuel industry. While there may be some costs associated with implementing a Medicare for All system, the economic benefits and long-term advantages for both healthcare and the environment would far outweigh them.

"It Takes a Crisis"

In Part 4 of "The Hidden History of American Healthcare," Thom Hartmann discusses the role of crisis in driving healthcare reform. He argues that healthcare reform is often only achieved in the wake of a crisis, and that this pattern has played out throughout American history.

Hartmann begins by noting that the current healthcare system in the United States is unsustainable, with rising costs and increasing numbers of uninsured individuals. He argues that the current system is in a state of crisis, and that this crisis could be an opportunity for real healthcare reform.

Hartmann points to historical examples of healthcare reform being achieved in the wake of crises. For example, the development of modern public health systems in the early 20th century was driven in large part by the need to combat the spread of infectious diseases like tuberculosis and influenza. Similarly, the creation of Medicare and Medicaid in the 1960s was spurred by a crisis of elderly Americans who lacked access to healthcare.

Hartmann also notes that crises can be opportunities for political mobilization and advocacy. For example, the AIDS crisis of the 1980s spurred a grassroots movement that led to significant changes in the way that healthcare was provided to individuals with HIV/AIDS.

However, Hartmann also acknowledges that crises can be used by powerful interests to further their own agenda. For example, the 2008 financial crisis was used as an opportunity by insurance companies to push for further privatization of the healthcare system, rather than reforming it to provide universal coverage.

Hartmann argues that the current crisis in the healthcare system is an opportunity for meaningful reform, but that it will require a concerted effort by advocates and political leaders. He suggests that a Medicare for All system would be the best solution to the current crisis, providing universal coverage and reducing overall healthcare costs.

Hartmann also emphasizes the importance of political engagement and activism in achieving healthcare reform. He notes that significant political pressure from the public will be necessary in order to overcome the entrenched interests that benefit from the current system.

Finally, Hartmann suggests that the current crisis in the healthcare system is part of a larger crisis in American democracy. He argues that the current system of healthcare is emblematic of a broader pattern of corporate interests being prioritized over the needs of the people. He suggests that achieving meaningful healthcare reform will require a broader movement to address these systemic issues.

In conclusion, Hartmann argues that crises have historically driven healthcare reform, and that the current crisis in the healthcare system is an opportunity for real reform. However, achieving this reform will require significant political mobilization and advocacy, as well as a focus on addressing the broader systemic issues that are driving the crisis in the first place.

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Hidden History of American Health Care - Thom Harmann

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